The Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering

The last decades of research have gradually elucidated the complex functions of the dopamine system in the vertebrate brain. The multiple roles of dopamine in motor function, learning, attention, motivation, and the emotions have been difficult to reconcile. A broad and detailed understanding of the...

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Autor principal:	Per A. Alm
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	dopamine automatization speech movement sequences chunking basal ganglia Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/96632a44eb314afbba2a6ec864adeeac
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:96632a44eb314afbba2a6ec864adeeac2021-12-02T11:00:48ZThe Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering1662-516110.3389/fnhum.2021.661880https://doaj.org/article/96632a44eb314afbba2a6ec864adeeac2021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.661880/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1662-5161The last decades of research have gradually elucidated the complex functions of the dopamine system in the vertebrate brain. The multiple roles of dopamine in motor function, learning, attention, motivation, and the emotions have been difficult to reconcile. A broad and detailed understanding of the physiology of cerebral dopamine is of importance in understanding a range of human disorders. One of the core functions of dopamine involves the basal ganglia and the learning and execution of automatized sequences of movements. Speech is one of the most complex and highly automatized sequential motor behaviors, though the exact roles that the basal ganglia and dopamine play in speech have been difficult to determine. Stuttering is a speech disorder that has been hypothesized to be related to the functions of the basal ganglia and dopamine. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current understanding of the cerebral dopamine system, in particular the mechanisms related to motor learning and the execution of movement sequences. The primary aim was not to review research on speech and stuttering, but to provide a platform of neurophysiological mechanisms, which may be utilized for further research and theoretical development on speech, speech disorders, and other behavioral disorders. Stuttering and speech are discussed here only briefly. The review indicates that a primary mechanism for the automatization of movement sequences is the merging of isolated movements into chunks that can be executed as units. In turn, chunks can be utilized hierarchically, as building blocks of longer chunks. It is likely that these mechanisms apply also to speech, so that frequent syllables and words are produced as motor chunks. It is further indicated that the main learning principle for sequence learning is reinforcement learning, with the phasic release of dopamine as the primary teaching signal indicating successful sequences. It is proposed that the dynamics of the dopamine system constitute the main neural basis underlying the situational variability of stuttering.Per A. AlmFrontiers Media S.A.articledopamineautomatizationspeechmovement sequenceschunkingbasal gangliaNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENFrontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol 15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	dopamine automatization speech movement sequences chunking basal ganglia Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	dopamine automatization speech movement sequences chunking basal ganglia Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Per A. Alm The Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering
description	The last decades of research have gradually elucidated the complex functions of the dopamine system in the vertebrate brain. The multiple roles of dopamine in motor function, learning, attention, motivation, and the emotions have been difficult to reconcile. A broad and detailed understanding of the physiology of cerebral dopamine is of importance in understanding a range of human disorders. One of the core functions of dopamine involves the basal ganglia and the learning and execution of automatized sequences of movements. Speech is one of the most complex and highly automatized sequential motor behaviors, though the exact roles that the basal ganglia and dopamine play in speech have been difficult to determine. Stuttering is a speech disorder that has been hypothesized to be related to the functions of the basal ganglia and dopamine. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current understanding of the cerebral dopamine system, in particular the mechanisms related to motor learning and the execution of movement sequences. The primary aim was not to review research on speech and stuttering, but to provide a platform of neurophysiological mechanisms, which may be utilized for further research and theoretical development on speech, speech disorders, and other behavioral disorders. Stuttering and speech are discussed here only briefly. The review indicates that a primary mechanism for the automatization of movement sequences is the merging of isolated movements into chunks that can be executed as units. In turn, chunks can be utilized hierarchically, as building blocks of longer chunks. It is likely that these mechanisms apply also to speech, so that frequent syllables and words are produced as motor chunks. It is further indicated that the main learning principle for sequence learning is reinforcement learning, with the phasic release of dopamine as the primary teaching signal indicating successful sequences. It is proposed that the dynamics of the dopamine system constitute the main neural basis underlying the situational variability of stuttering.
format	article
author	Per A. Alm
author_facet	Per A. Alm
author_sort	Per A. Alm
title	The Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering
title_short	The Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering
title_full	The Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering
title_fullStr	The Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering
title_full_unstemmed	The Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering
title_sort	dopamine system and automatization of movement sequences: a review with relevance for speech and stuttering
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/96632a44eb314afbba2a6ec864adeeac
work_keys_str_mv	AT peraalm thedopaminesystemandautomatizationofmovementsequencesareviewwithrelevanceforspeechandstuttering AT peraalm dopaminesystemandautomatizationofmovementsequencesareviewwithrelevanceforspeechandstuttering
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The Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering

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