Opportunistic Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal

Rooku KC,1,* Sadiksha Adhikari,1,* Anup Bastola,2 Lina Devkota,2 Parmananda Bhandari,2 Prabina Ghimire,3 Bipin Adhikari,4 Komal Raj Rijal,1 Megha Raj Banjara,1 Prakash Ghimire1 1Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hos...

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Autores principales:	KC R, Adhikari S, Bastola A, Devkota L, Bhandari P, Ghimire P, Adhikari B, Rijal KR, Banjara MR
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2019
Materias:	hiv cd4 bacterial & fungal infection opportunistic infections Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/968346c3aa3f48428958d5c238c24427
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:968346c3aa3f48428958d5c238c244272021-12-02T08:01:51ZOpportunistic Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal1179-1373https://doaj.org/article/968346c3aa3f48428958d5c238c244272019-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/opportunistic-respiratory-infections-in-hiv-patients-attending-sukrara-peer-reviewed-article-HIVhttps://doaj.org/toc/1179-1373Rooku KC,1,* Sadiksha Adhikari,1,* Anup Bastola,2 Lina Devkota,2 Parmananda Bhandari,2 Prabina Ghimire,3 Bipin Adhikari,4 Komal Raj Rijal,1 Megha Raj Banjara,1 Prakash Ghimire1 1Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; 3Nepal Medical College, Jorpati, Kathmandu, Nepal; 4Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Komal Raj RijalCentral Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, NepalEmail rijalkomal@gmail.comIntroduction: Opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among immune suppressed HIV-positive patients. The main objective of this study was to determine bacterial and fungal organisms causing respiratory infections and their susceptibility to commonly prescribed antimicrobials among HIV patients attending a tertiary infectious disease hospital in Kathmandu.Methods: Sputum samples were collected from the HIV-positive patients attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) from August 2017 to March 2018. A total of 100 sputum samples were cultured on conventional bacterial and fungal culture media. Bacterial and fungal isolates were identified based on their colony characteristics, microscopic morphology and various biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) of bacterial isolates was performed by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: Out of 100 sputum samples cultured, 24% (n=24) showed bacterial growth, 42% (n=42) showed fungal growth and 10% (n=10) had both bacterial and fungal growth. Among bacteria, 91.6% (n=22) were monomicrobial and 8.4% (n=2) were polymicrobial in growth, of which, Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.5%) were predominant isolates, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.2%), and Escherichia coli (16.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) showed 68% (17/25) of bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and among them 41.2% (7/17) were found to be extended spectrum β lactamase (ESBL) producers. Fungal growth was observed in 42% of samples (42/100). A total of six different species of Candida and four different genera of molds were identified. On species differentiation, Candida albicans (20%) were followed by Candida parapsilosis (4%), and Candida dubliniensis (3%); and various molds were Aspergillus fumigatus (4%), Aspergillus flavus (2%), and Penicillium species (5%). CD4 count was inversely associated with bacterial and fungal infections. Fifty percent of the patients with the fungal infections had a CD4 count below 200. No fungal organisms were isolated from HIV-positive patients under antifungal drug treatment.Conclusion: HIV-positive patients with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/μL are more vulnerable to opportunistic infections of bacterial and fungal origin. Early isolation, identification and appropriate treatment can reduce mortality due to co-infections. Routine screening of opportunistic pathogens is critical to contain the disease progression.Keywords: HIV, CD4, bacterial and fungal infection, opportunistic infectionsKC RAdhikari SBastola ADevkota LBhandari PGhimire PAdhikari BRijal KRBanjara MRGhimire PDove Medical Pressarticlehivcd4bacterial & fungal infectionopportunistic infectionsImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607ENHIV/AIDS: Research and Palliative Care, Vol Volume 11, Pp 357-367 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	hiv cd4 bacterial & fungal infection opportunistic infections Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	hiv cd4 bacterial & fungal infection opportunistic infections Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 KC R Adhikari S Bastola A Devkota L Bhandari P Ghimire P Adhikari B Rijal KR Banjara MR Ghimire P Opportunistic Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal
description	Rooku KC,1,* Sadiksha Adhikari,1,* Anup Bastola,2 Lina Devkota,2 Parmananda Bhandari,2 Prabina Ghimire,3 Bipin Adhikari,4 Komal Raj Rijal,1 Megha Raj Banjara,1 Prakash Ghimire1 1Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; 2Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; 3Nepal Medical College, Jorpati, Kathmandu, Nepal; 4Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Komal Raj RijalCentral Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, NepalEmail rijalkomal@gmail.comIntroduction: Opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among immune suppressed HIV-positive patients. The main objective of this study was to determine bacterial and fungal organisms causing respiratory infections and their susceptibility to commonly prescribed antimicrobials among HIV patients attending a tertiary infectious disease hospital in Kathmandu.Methods: Sputum samples were collected from the HIV-positive patients attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) from August 2017 to March 2018. A total of 100 sputum samples were cultured on conventional bacterial and fungal culture media. Bacterial and fungal isolates were identified based on their colony characteristics, microscopic morphology and various biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) of bacterial isolates was performed by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: Out of 100 sputum samples cultured, 24% (n=24) showed bacterial growth, 42% (n=42) showed fungal growth and 10% (n=10) had both bacterial and fungal growth. Among bacteria, 91.6% (n=22) were monomicrobial and 8.4% (n=2) were polymicrobial in growth, of which, Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.5%) were predominant isolates, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.2%), and Escherichia coli (16.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) showed 68% (17/25) of bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and among them 41.2% (7/17) were found to be extended spectrum β lactamase (ESBL) producers. Fungal growth was observed in 42% of samples (42/100). A total of six different species of Candida and four different genera of molds were identified. On species differentiation, Candida albicans (20%) were followed by Candida parapsilosis (4%), and Candida dubliniensis (3%); and various molds were Aspergillus fumigatus (4%), Aspergillus flavus (2%), and Penicillium species (5%). CD4 count was inversely associated with bacterial and fungal infections. Fifty percent of the patients with the fungal infections had a CD4 count below 200. No fungal organisms were isolated from HIV-positive patients under antifungal drug treatment.Conclusion: HIV-positive patients with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/μL are more vulnerable to opportunistic infections of bacterial and fungal origin. Early isolation, identification and appropriate treatment can reduce mortality due to co-infections. Routine screening of opportunistic pathogens is critical to contain the disease progression.Keywords: HIV, CD4, bacterial and fungal infection, opportunistic infections
format	article
author	KC R Adhikari S Bastola A Devkota L Bhandari P Ghimire P Adhikari B Rijal KR Banjara MR Ghimire P
author_facet	KC R Adhikari S Bastola A Devkota L Bhandari P Ghimire P Adhikari B Rijal KR Banjara MR Ghimire P
author_sort	KC R
title	Opportunistic Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal
title_short	Opportunistic Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal
title_full	Opportunistic Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal
title_fullStr	Opportunistic Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal
title_full_unstemmed	Opportunistic Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal
title_sort	opportunistic respiratory infections in hiv patients attending sukraraj tropical and infectious diseases hospital in kathmandu, nepal
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/968346c3aa3f48428958d5c238c24427
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Opportunistic Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal

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