Labile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition

Labile soil organic matter pools (LSOMp) are believed to be the most sensitive indicator of soil quality when it is changed rapidly with varied management practices. In sub-tropical climates, the turnover period of labile pools is quicker than in temperate climates. Organic amendments are of importa...

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Autores principales:	Ranjan Laik, B. H. Kumara, Biswajit Pramanick, Santosh Kumar Singh, Nidhi, Majid Alhomrani, Ahmed Gaber, Akbar Hossain
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	dissolve organic matter light fraction microbial biomass organic carbon total nitrogen Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/96b0c7d22da445ff9f06aca95889944e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:96b0c7d22da445ff9f06aca95889944e2021-11-25T16:05:58ZLabile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition10.3390/agronomy111121902073-4395https://doaj.org/article/96b0c7d22da445ff9f06aca95889944e2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2190https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395Labile soil organic matter pools (LSOMp) are believed to be the most sensitive indicator of soil quality when it is changed rapidly with varied management practices. In sub-tropical climates, the turnover period of labile pools is quicker than in temperate climates. Organic amendments are of importance in improve the LSOMp for a temperate climate and may be helpful in sub-tropical climates as well. Hence, the status of LSOMp was studied in long term farmyard manure (FYM) amended soils under wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i> L.) cropping systems in sub-tropical arid conditions. At the same time, we also attempt to determine the impact of mineral nitrogen (N) application in these pools. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM), microbial biomass (MB), and light fraction (LF) were isolated in the management practices involving different modes and rates of FYM applications along with the application of nitrogenous fertilizer. C and N contents of the labile pools were analyzed in the soil samples at different periods after FYM applications. Among the different pools, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were changed significantly with different rates and modes of FYM application and mineral N application. Application of FYM at 15 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> in both the seasons + 120 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> mineral N resulted in significantly higher MBC and DOC as compared to all of the other treatments. This treatment also resulted in 13.75% and 5.8% more MBC and DOC, respectively, as compared to the amount of MBC and DOC content in the control plot where FYM and mineral N were not applied. Comparing the labile organic matter pools of 45 years of FYM amendment with initial values, it was found that the dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and light fraction carbon were increased up to the maximum extent of about 600, 1200, and 700 times, respectively. The maximum amount of DOM (562 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of DOC and 70.1 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of DON), MB (999 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of MBC and 158.4 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of MBN), LF (2.61 g kg<sup>−1</sup> of LFC and 154.6 g kg<sup>−1</sup> of LFN) were found in case of both season applied FYM as compared to either summer or winter applied FYM. Concerning the different rates of FYM application, 15 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> FYM also resulted in a significantly higher amount of DOM, MB, and LF as compared to other FYM rates (i.e., 5 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> and 10 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>). Amongst different pools, MB was found to be the most sensitive to management practices in this study. From this study, it was found that the long-term FYM amendment in sub-tropical soil along with mineral N application can improve the LSOMp of the soil. Thus, it can be recommended that the application of FYM at 15 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> in summer and winter with +120 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> mineral N can improve SOC and its labile pools in subtropical arid soils. Future studies on LSOMp can be carried out by considering different cropping systems of subtropical climate.Ranjan LaikB. H. KumaraBiswajit PramanickSantosh Kumar SinghNidhiMajid AlhomraniAhmed GaberAkbar HossainMDPI AGarticledissolve organic matterlight fractionmicrobial biomassorganic carbontotal nitrogenAgricultureSENAgronomy, Vol 11, Iss 2190, p 2190 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	dissolve organic matter light fraction microbial biomass organic carbon total nitrogen Agriculture S
spellingShingle	dissolve organic matter light fraction microbial biomass organic carbon total nitrogen Agriculture S Ranjan Laik B. H. Kumara Biswajit Pramanick Santosh Kumar Singh Nidhi Majid Alhomrani Ahmed Gaber Akbar Hossain Labile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition
description	Labile soil organic matter pools (LSOMp) are believed to be the most sensitive indicator of soil quality when it is changed rapidly with varied management practices. In sub-tropical climates, the turnover period of labile pools is quicker than in temperate climates. Organic amendments are of importance in improve the LSOMp for a temperate climate and may be helpful in sub-tropical climates as well. Hence, the status of LSOMp was studied in long term farmyard manure (FYM) amended soils under wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i> L.) cropping systems in sub-tropical arid conditions. At the same time, we also attempt to determine the impact of mineral nitrogen (N) application in these pools. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM), microbial biomass (MB), and light fraction (LF) were isolated in the management practices involving different modes and rates of FYM applications along with the application of nitrogenous fertilizer. C and N contents of the labile pools were analyzed in the soil samples at different periods after FYM applications. Among the different pools, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were changed significantly with different rates and modes of FYM application and mineral N application. Application of FYM at 15 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> in both the seasons + 120 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> mineral N resulted in significantly higher MBC and DOC as compared to all of the other treatments. This treatment also resulted in 13.75% and 5.8% more MBC and DOC, respectively, as compared to the amount of MBC and DOC content in the control plot where FYM and mineral N were not applied. Comparing the labile organic matter pools of 45 years of FYM amendment with initial values, it was found that the dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and light fraction carbon were increased up to the maximum extent of about 600, 1200, and 700 times, respectively. The maximum amount of DOM (562 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of DOC and 70.1 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of DON), MB (999 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of MBC and 158.4 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of MBN), LF (2.61 g kg<sup>−1</sup> of LFC and 154.6 g kg<sup>−1</sup> of LFN) were found in case of both season applied FYM as compared to either summer or winter applied FYM. Concerning the different rates of FYM application, 15 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> FYM also resulted in a significantly higher amount of DOM, MB, and LF as compared to other FYM rates (i.e., 5 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> and 10 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>). Amongst different pools, MB was found to be the most sensitive to management practices in this study. From this study, it was found that the long-term FYM amendment in sub-tropical soil along with mineral N application can improve the LSOMp of the soil. Thus, it can be recommended that the application of FYM at 15 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> in summer and winter with +120 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> mineral N can improve SOC and its labile pools in subtropical arid soils. Future studies on LSOMp can be carried out by considering different cropping systems of subtropical climate.
format	article
author	Ranjan Laik B. H. Kumara Biswajit Pramanick Santosh Kumar Singh Nidhi Majid Alhomrani Ahmed Gaber Akbar Hossain
author_facet	Ranjan Laik B. H. Kumara Biswajit Pramanick Santosh Kumar Singh Nidhi Majid Alhomrani Ahmed Gaber Akbar Hossain
author_sort	Ranjan Laik
title	Labile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition
title_short	Labile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition
title_full	Labile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition
title_fullStr	Labile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition
title_full_unstemmed	Labile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition
title_sort	labile soil organic matter pools are influenced by 45 years of applied farmyard manure and mineral nitrogen in the wheat—pearl millet cropping system in the sub-tropical condition
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/96b0c7d22da445ff9f06aca95889944e
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Labile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition

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