Comparison Analysis on the Accuracy of Galileo PPP Using Different Frequency Combinations in Europe

The Galileo constellations are characterized by transmitting GNSS signals on multi-frequencies, which can benefit the robustness and accuracy of the solutions. However, the dual-frequency E1/E5a combinations are generally used for precise point positioning (PPP). In this paper, the performance of Ga...

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Autores principales:	Jia Song, Lewen Zhao
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Galileo multi-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) hourly PPP Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9705439bdbf449c2b517909b1aadd7cd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9705439bdbf449c2b517909b1aadd7cd2021-11-11T15:06:09ZComparison Analysis on the Accuracy of Galileo PPP Using Different Frequency Combinations in Europe10.3390/app1121100202076-3417https://doaj.org/article/9705439bdbf449c2b517909b1aadd7cd2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/21/10020https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417The Galileo constellations are characterized by transmitting GNSS signals on multi-frequencies, which can benefit the robustness and accuracy of the solutions. However, the dual-frequency E1/E5a combinations are generally used for precise point positioning (PPP). In this paper, the performance of Galileo static and kinematic PPP using different dual- and multi-frequency combinations are assessed using observations from the European region. Overall, the accuracy of daily PPP achieved by the dual-frequency GPS, Galileo, and BDS is better than 5 mm in the horizontal direction and better than 10 mm in the vertical direction. Though the number of observed Galileo satellites is less than GPS, the horizontal accuracy can reach 1.6 mm/2.3 mm/5.7 mm on North/East/Up component, which is improved by 59.0% and 12.3% compared to the GPS in the north and up direction. Then, the accuracy of Galileo static PPP is analyzed using different dual- and multi-frequency combinations. Results indicate that the Galileo E1/E5b PPP can degrade the accuracy due to the inter-frequency clock biases between the E1/E5a and E1/E5b combinations. Best accuracy can be achieved for the triple- and four-frequency PPP, which is 4.8 mm in the up direction. The hourly accuracy for the static PPP can reach 5.6 mm/9.2 mm/12.6 mm in the north/east/up direction using the GPS/Galileo/GLONASS/BDS combinations. Finally, a positioning convergence ratio (PCR) indicator, which represents the accuracy of PPP over a period, is used to analyze the convergence time of kinematic PPP. Results indicated that the multi-frequency Galileo observations contribute minorly to the convergence of kinematic PPP. However, Galileo shows the best convergence performance for the single GNSS positioning, and the GPS/Galileo combined PPP achieved the best performance for the PPP using different GNSS combinations.Jia SongLewen ZhaoMDPI AGarticleGalileomulti-frequencyprecise point positioning (PPP)hourly PPPTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10020, p 10020 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Galileo multi-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) hourly PPP Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	Galileo multi-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) hourly PPP Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Jia Song Lewen Zhao Comparison Analysis on the Accuracy of Galileo PPP Using Different Frequency Combinations in Europe
description	The Galileo constellations are characterized by transmitting GNSS signals on multi-frequencies, which can benefit the robustness and accuracy of the solutions. However, the dual-frequency E1/E5a combinations are generally used for precise point positioning (PPP). In this paper, the performance of Galileo static and kinematic PPP using different dual- and multi-frequency combinations are assessed using observations from the European region. Overall, the accuracy of daily PPP achieved by the dual-frequency GPS, Galileo, and BDS is better than 5 mm in the horizontal direction and better than 10 mm in the vertical direction. Though the number of observed Galileo satellites is less than GPS, the horizontal accuracy can reach 1.6 mm/2.3 mm/5.7 mm on North/East/Up component, which is improved by 59.0% and 12.3% compared to the GPS in the north and up direction. Then, the accuracy of Galileo static PPP is analyzed using different dual- and multi-frequency combinations. Results indicate that the Galileo E1/E5b PPP can degrade the accuracy due to the inter-frequency clock biases between the E1/E5a and E1/E5b combinations. Best accuracy can be achieved for the triple- and four-frequency PPP, which is 4.8 mm in the up direction. The hourly accuracy for the static PPP can reach 5.6 mm/9.2 mm/12.6 mm in the north/east/up direction using the GPS/Galileo/GLONASS/BDS combinations. Finally, a positioning convergence ratio (PCR) indicator, which represents the accuracy of PPP over a period, is used to analyze the convergence time of kinematic PPP. Results indicated that the multi-frequency Galileo observations contribute minorly to the convergence of kinematic PPP. However, Galileo shows the best convergence performance for the single GNSS positioning, and the GPS/Galileo combined PPP achieved the best performance for the PPP using different GNSS combinations.
format	article
author	Jia Song Lewen Zhao
author_facet	Jia Song Lewen Zhao
author_sort	Jia Song
title	Comparison Analysis on the Accuracy of Galileo PPP Using Different Frequency Combinations in Europe
title_short	Comparison Analysis on the Accuracy of Galileo PPP Using Different Frequency Combinations in Europe
title_full	Comparison Analysis on the Accuracy of Galileo PPP Using Different Frequency Combinations in Europe
title_fullStr	Comparison Analysis on the Accuracy of Galileo PPP Using Different Frequency Combinations in Europe
title_full_unstemmed	Comparison Analysis on the Accuracy of Galileo PPP Using Different Frequency Combinations in Europe
title_sort	comparison analysis on the accuracy of galileo ppp using different frequency combinations in europe
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9705439bdbf449c2b517909b1aadd7cd
work_keys_str_mv	AT jiasong comparisonanalysisontheaccuracyofgalileopppusingdifferentfrequencycombinationsineurope AT lewenzhao comparisonanalysisontheaccuracyofgalileopppusingdifferentfrequencycombinationsineurope
_version_	1718437159361314816

Comparison Analysis on the Accuracy of Galileo PPP Using Different Frequency Combinations in Europe

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