The attenuation of antibiotic resistant non-albicans Candida species, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical profiles of five Vachellia species by FTIR and UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS

This work investigated the antifungal, cytotoxic and LPS-induced anti-inflammatory effects of five Vachellia species (V. karroo, V. kosiensis, V. sieberiana, V. tortalis and V. xanthophloea). The antifungal activity of the aqueous-methanolic extracts were performed using the broth dilution method ag...

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Autores principales:	Garland Kgosi More, Christinah Ramakwala Chokwe, Stephen Meddows-Taylor
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Anticandidal activity Vachellia ROS H2DCF-DA Anti-inflammatory Phytochemical Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9739c392ae93451093127e2b86c372a0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9739c392ae93451093127e2b86c372a02021-12-02T05:03:10ZThe attenuation of antibiotic resistant non-albicans Candida species, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical profiles of five Vachellia species by FTIR and UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS2405-844010.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08425https://doaj.org/article/9739c392ae93451093127e2b86c372a02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021025287https://doaj.org/toc/2405-8440This work investigated the antifungal, cytotoxic and LPS-induced anti-inflammatory effects of five Vachellia species (V. karroo, V. kosiensis, V. sieberiana, V. tortalis and V. xanthophloea). The antifungal activity of the aqueous-methanolic extracts were performed using the broth dilution method against four non-albicans Candida species (C. glabrata, C. auris, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis). The cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts were evaluated on African green monkey Vero kidney cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay and the 2ʹ,7ʹ-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCF-DA) method. The fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Q Exactive plus orbitrap™ Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS) analysis was conducted to evaluate phytochemical constituents of the extracts. The plant extracts selected in this study displayed potency against the Candida species tested, with MIC values ≤0.62 mg/mL for V. karroo, V. kosiensis and V. xanthophloea. A dose-dependent cell viability was observed on Vero cells with all extracts showing LC50 values >20 μg/mL. Extracts tested at 10 μg/mL elicited a significant decrease in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Vero cells with V. sieberiana, V. tortilis, V. karroo, V. kosiensis and V. xanthophloea displaying inhibitory percentages of 35%, 32%, 55%, 52% and 49%, respectively. Characterisation of functional groups representing compounds in the extracts demonstrated the presence of different classes of compounds of the aliphatic, sugar and aromatic types. The Q Exactive plus orbitrap™ mass spectrometer enabled tentative identification of three major compounds in the extracts, including epigallocatechin, methyl gallate and quercetin amongst others. Based on the mass spectrometer results, it is postulated that quercetin found mostly in active extracts of V. karroo, V. xanthophloea, and V. kosiensis may be responsible for the observed antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity. This data demonstrates that the Vachellia species that were investigated could potentially be promising candidates for the management of fungal infections and related inflammation.Garland Kgosi MoreChristinah Ramakwala ChokweStephen Meddows-TaylorElsevierarticleAnticandidal activityVachelliaROSH2DCF-DAAnti-inflammatoryPhytochemicalScience (General)Q1-390Social sciences (General)H1-99ENHeliyon, Vol 7, Iss 11, Pp e08425- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Anticandidal activity Vachellia ROS H2DCF-DA Anti-inflammatory Phytochemical Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99
spellingShingle	Anticandidal activity Vachellia ROS H2DCF-DA Anti-inflammatory Phytochemical Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99 Garland Kgosi More Christinah Ramakwala Chokwe Stephen Meddows-Taylor The attenuation of antibiotic resistant non-albicans Candida species, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical profiles of five Vachellia species by FTIR and UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS
description	This work investigated the antifungal, cytotoxic and LPS-induced anti-inflammatory effects of five Vachellia species (V. karroo, V. kosiensis, V. sieberiana, V. tortalis and V. xanthophloea). The antifungal activity of the aqueous-methanolic extracts were performed using the broth dilution method against four non-albicans Candida species (C. glabrata, C. auris, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis). The cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts were evaluated on African green monkey Vero kidney cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay and the 2ʹ,7ʹ-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCF-DA) method. The fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Q Exactive plus orbitrap™ Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS) analysis was conducted to evaluate phytochemical constituents of the extracts. The plant extracts selected in this study displayed potency against the Candida species tested, with MIC values ≤0.62 mg/mL for V. karroo, V. kosiensis and V. xanthophloea. A dose-dependent cell viability was observed on Vero cells with all extracts showing LC50 values >20 μg/mL. Extracts tested at 10 μg/mL elicited a significant decrease in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Vero cells with V. sieberiana, V. tortilis, V. karroo, V. kosiensis and V. xanthophloea displaying inhibitory percentages of 35%, 32%, 55%, 52% and 49%, respectively. Characterisation of functional groups representing compounds in the extracts demonstrated the presence of different classes of compounds of the aliphatic, sugar and aromatic types. The Q Exactive plus orbitrap™ mass spectrometer enabled tentative identification of three major compounds in the extracts, including epigallocatechin, methyl gallate and quercetin amongst others. Based on the mass spectrometer results, it is postulated that quercetin found mostly in active extracts of V. karroo, V. xanthophloea, and V. kosiensis may be responsible for the observed antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity. This data demonstrates that the Vachellia species that were investigated could potentially be promising candidates for the management of fungal infections and related inflammation.
format	article
author	Garland Kgosi More Christinah Ramakwala Chokwe Stephen Meddows-Taylor
author_facet	Garland Kgosi More Christinah Ramakwala Chokwe Stephen Meddows-Taylor
author_sort	Garland Kgosi More
title	The attenuation of antibiotic resistant non-albicans Candida species, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical profiles of five Vachellia species by FTIR and UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS
title_short	The attenuation of antibiotic resistant non-albicans Candida species, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical profiles of five Vachellia species by FTIR and UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS
title_full	The attenuation of antibiotic resistant non-albicans Candida species, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical profiles of five Vachellia species by FTIR and UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS
title_fullStr	The attenuation of antibiotic resistant non-albicans Candida species, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical profiles of five Vachellia species by FTIR and UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS
title_full_unstemmed	The attenuation of antibiotic resistant non-albicans Candida species, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical profiles of five Vachellia species by FTIR and UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS
title_sort	attenuation of antibiotic resistant non-albicans candida species, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical profiles of five vachellia species by ftir and uhplc–q/orbitrap/ms
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9739c392ae93451093127e2b86c372a0
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The attenuation of antibiotic resistant non-albicans Candida species, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects and phytochemical profiles of five Vachellia species by FTIR and UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS

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