Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC

Identifying atmospheric and ionospheric anomalies based on remote sensing satellites has contributed highly to develop the hypothesis of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling over the earthquake (EQ) epicenter during the seismic preparation period. This article has investigated the variations o...

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Autores principales:	Amna Hafeez, Munawar Shah, Muhsan Ehsan, Punyawi Jamjareegulgarn, Junaid Ahmed, M. Arslan Tariq, Shahid Iqbal, Najam Abbas Naqvi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IEEE 2021
Materias:	Earthquake global ionospheric map (GIM) total electron content (TEC) Global Positioning System (GPS) TEC lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) Ocean engineering TC1501-1800 Geophysics. Cosmic physics QC801-809
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9746a1989ccf4ee687080cfde42f7639
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9746a1989ccf4ee687080cfde42f76392021-11-18T00:00:27ZPossible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC2151-153510.1109/JSTARS.2021.3119382https://doaj.org/article/9746a1989ccf4ee687080cfde42f76392021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9573341/https://doaj.org/toc/2151-1535Identifying atmospheric and ionospheric anomalies based on remote sensing satellites has contributed highly to develop the hypothesis of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling over the earthquake (EQ) epicenter during the seismic preparation period. This article has investigated the variations of potential EQ precursor in daytime and nighttime land surface temperature (LST) before and after the 2019 Pakistan EQ from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite. The nighttime LST values of MODIS exhibit temporal anomalies during nighttime period within a time window of five days before and after the main shock day. Furthermore, the LST values predicted by artificial neural network (ANN) validate the significant enhancement in nighttime time series of MODIS. The nighttime LST anomalies obtained from the observation and ANN prediction are more than 20% and 7% of normal distribution beyond the confidence bounds, respectively, within five days after the main shock. Likewise, the ionospheric anomaly from daily total electron content (TEC) values at Sukkur Global Positioning System (GPS) station confirms the EQ associated ionospheric perturbations on the day after the main shock. The Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) also show the TEC anomalies during 1000–1400 LT on September 25, 2019.Amna HafeezMunawar ShahMuhsan EhsanPunyawi JamjareegulgarnJunaid AhmedM. Arslan TariqShahid IqbalNajam Abbas NaqviIEEEarticleEarthquakeglobal ionospheric map (GIM) total electron content (TEC)Global Positioning System (GPS) TEClithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere couplingmoderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST)Ocean engineeringTC1501-1800Geophysics. Cosmic physicsQC801-809ENIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Pp 11126-11133 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Earthquake global ionospheric map (GIM) total electron content (TEC) Global Positioning System (GPS) TEC lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) Ocean engineering TC1501-1800 Geophysics. Cosmic physics QC801-809
spellingShingle	Earthquake global ionospheric map (GIM) total electron content (TEC) Global Positioning System (GPS) TEC lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) Ocean engineering TC1501-1800 Geophysics. Cosmic physics QC801-809 Amna Hafeez Munawar Shah Muhsan Ehsan Punyawi Jamjareegulgarn Junaid Ahmed M. Arslan Tariq Shahid Iqbal Najam Abbas Naqvi Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC
description	Identifying atmospheric and ionospheric anomalies based on remote sensing satellites has contributed highly to develop the hypothesis of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling over the earthquake (EQ) epicenter during the seismic preparation period. This article has investigated the variations of potential EQ precursor in daytime and nighttime land surface temperature (LST) before and after the 2019 Pakistan EQ from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite. The nighttime LST values of MODIS exhibit temporal anomalies during nighttime period within a time window of five days before and after the main shock day. Furthermore, the LST values predicted by artificial neural network (ANN) validate the significant enhancement in nighttime time series of MODIS. The nighttime LST anomalies obtained from the observation and ANN prediction are more than 20% and 7% of normal distribution beyond the confidence bounds, respectively, within five days after the main shock. Likewise, the ionospheric anomaly from daily total electron content (TEC) values at Sukkur Global Positioning System (GPS) station confirms the EQ associated ionospheric perturbations on the day after the main shock. The Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) also show the TEC anomalies during 1000–1400 LT on September 25, 2019.
format	article
author	Amna Hafeez Munawar Shah Muhsan Ehsan Punyawi Jamjareegulgarn Junaid Ahmed M. Arslan Tariq Shahid Iqbal Najam Abbas Naqvi
author_facet	Amna Hafeez Munawar Shah Muhsan Ehsan Punyawi Jamjareegulgarn Junaid Ahmed M. Arslan Tariq Shahid Iqbal Najam Abbas Naqvi
author_sort	Amna Hafeez
title	Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC
title_short	Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC
title_full	Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC
title_fullStr	Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC
title_full_unstemmed	Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC
title_sort	possible atmosphere and ionospheric anomalies of the 2019 pakistan earthquake using statistical and machine learning procedures on modis lst, gps tec, and gim tec
publisher	IEEE
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9746a1989ccf4ee687080cfde42f7639
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Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC

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