The Role of Expectation and Beliefs on the Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques are used in clinical and cognitive neuroscience to induce a mild magnetic or electric field in the brain to modulate behavior and cortical activation. Despite the great body of literature demonstrating promising results, unexpected or even paradoxical...

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Autores principales:	Miriam Braga, Diletta Barbiani, Mehran Emadi Andani, Bernardo Villa-Sánchez, Michele Tinazzi, Mirta Fiorio
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	non-invasive brain stimulation transcranial magnetic stimulation transcranial direct current stimulation placebo effect nocebo effect expectation Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/977da2761ede4e81a812633eaa377699
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:977da2761ede4e81a812633eaa3776992021-11-25T16:59:04ZThe Role of Expectation and Beliefs on the Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation10.3390/brainsci111115262076-3425https://doaj.org/article/977da2761ede4e81a812633eaa3776992021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/11/1526https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3425Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques are used in clinical and cognitive neuroscience to induce a mild magnetic or electric field in the brain to modulate behavior and cortical activation. Despite the great body of literature demonstrating promising results, unexpected or even paradoxical outcomes are sometimes observed. This might be due either to technical and methodological issues (e.g., stimulation parameters, stimulated brain area), or to participants’ expectations and beliefs before and during the stimulation sessions. In this narrative review, we present some studies showing that placebo and nocebo effects, associated with positive and negative expectations, respectively, could be present in NIBS trials, both in experimental and in clinical settings. The lack of systematic evaluation of subjective expectations and beliefs before and after stimulation could represent a caveat that overshadows the potential contribution of placebo and nocebo effects in the outcome of NIBS trials.Miriam BragaDiletta BarbianiMehran Emadi AndaniBernardo Villa-SánchezMichele TinazziMirta FiorioMDPI AGarticlenon-invasive brain stimulationtranscranial magnetic stimulationtranscranial direct current stimulationplacebo effectnocebo effectexpectationNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENBrain Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 1526, p 1526 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	non-invasive brain stimulation transcranial magnetic stimulation transcranial direct current stimulation placebo effect nocebo effect expectation Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	non-invasive brain stimulation transcranial magnetic stimulation transcranial direct current stimulation placebo effect nocebo effect expectation Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Miriam Braga Diletta Barbiani Mehran Emadi Andani Bernardo Villa-Sánchez Michele Tinazzi Mirta Fiorio The Role of Expectation and Beliefs on the Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation
description	Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques are used in clinical and cognitive neuroscience to induce a mild magnetic or electric field in the brain to modulate behavior and cortical activation. Despite the great body of literature demonstrating promising results, unexpected or even paradoxical outcomes are sometimes observed. This might be due either to technical and methodological issues (e.g., stimulation parameters, stimulated brain area), or to participants’ expectations and beliefs before and during the stimulation sessions. In this narrative review, we present some studies showing that placebo and nocebo effects, associated with positive and negative expectations, respectively, could be present in NIBS trials, both in experimental and in clinical settings. The lack of systematic evaluation of subjective expectations and beliefs before and after stimulation could represent a caveat that overshadows the potential contribution of placebo and nocebo effects in the outcome of NIBS trials.
format	article
author	Miriam Braga Diletta Barbiani Mehran Emadi Andani Bernardo Villa-Sánchez Michele Tinazzi Mirta Fiorio
author_facet	Miriam Braga Diletta Barbiani Mehran Emadi Andani Bernardo Villa-Sánchez Michele Tinazzi Mirta Fiorio
author_sort	Miriam Braga
title	The Role of Expectation and Beliefs on the Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation
title_short	The Role of Expectation and Beliefs on the Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation
title_full	The Role of Expectation and Beliefs on the Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation
title_fullStr	The Role of Expectation and Beliefs on the Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation
title_full_unstemmed	The Role of Expectation and Beliefs on the Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation
title_sort	role of expectation and beliefs on the effects of non-invasive brain stimulation
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/977da2761ede4e81a812633eaa377699
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The Role of Expectation and Beliefs on the Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation

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