Ultrasonic-Assisted Thymol and Carvacrol Extraction from Za’atar Leaves Using Cold-Pressed Sesame Oil

Thymol and carvacrol found in Origanum syriacum “Za’atar” plant leaves have triggered interest among researchers for their natural antimicrobial and antifungal properties. However, their applications in modern pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as natural preservatives remain challenging. In thi...

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Autores principales:	Noyal Aweidah, Hani Naseef, Ramzi Muqdi, Mohammad A. Farraj
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Hindawi-Wiley 2021
Materias:	Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9808f8a08d2147e4a10783099c14f2f9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9808f8a08d2147e4a10783099c14f2f92021-11-08T02:36:35ZUltrasonic-Assisted Thymol and Carvacrol Extraction from Za’atar Leaves Using Cold-Pressed Sesame Oil1745-455710.1155/2021/3761865https://doaj.org/article/9808f8a08d2147e4a10783099c14f2f92021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3761865https://doaj.org/toc/1745-4557Thymol and carvacrol found in Origanum syriacum “Za’atar” plant leaves have triggered interest among researchers for their natural antimicrobial and antifungal properties. However, their applications in modern pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as natural preservatives remain challenging. In this research, extraction of thymol and carvacrol from Za’atar leaves has been investigated using the ultrasonic-assisted method and the use of sesame oil as the primary extraction solvent compared with other vegetable oils including sunflower and olive oils. In addition, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method was developed by using a C8 column and 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid as a buffering agent. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, repeatability, accuracy, and robustness for the analysis of the content of the two terpenes thymol and carvacrol in different Za’atar extracts. Using the validated analytical method, thymol and carvacrol content results revealed the best vegetable oil for extraction. Results showed that sesame oil had the highest content of thymol and carvacrol, followed by sunflower oil, and the least amount obtained by using olive oil. A consistent extraction result opens an opportunity for application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. For this reason, the essential extraction key parameters that influence the final content of thymol and carvacrol were evaluated. The highest impact originated from the quality and volume of sesame oil. Cold-pressed sesame oil resulted in a 23% higher content of thymol and decreased amount of carvacrol. It was found that wetting the Za’atar leaves powder with sesame oil was enough for extraction; any additional sesame oil volume dilutes the extracted sample. The second impact was the Za’atar cultivation conditions; less than 10% difference of thymol and carvacrol content was observed within Za’atar of Hebron origin. Finally, the origin of sesame seeds used for sesame oil production had the least impact.Noyal AweidahHani NaseefRamzi MuqdiMohammad A. FarrajHindawi-WileyarticleNutrition. Foods and food supplyTX341-641ENJournal of Food Quality, Vol 2021 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
spellingShingle	Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641 Noyal Aweidah Hani Naseef Ramzi Muqdi Mohammad A. Farraj Ultrasonic-Assisted Thymol and Carvacrol Extraction from Za’atar Leaves Using Cold-Pressed Sesame Oil
description	Thymol and carvacrol found in Origanum syriacum “Za’atar” plant leaves have triggered interest among researchers for their natural antimicrobial and antifungal properties. However, their applications in modern pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as natural preservatives remain challenging. In this research, extraction of thymol and carvacrol from Za’atar leaves has been investigated using the ultrasonic-assisted method and the use of sesame oil as the primary extraction solvent compared with other vegetable oils including sunflower and olive oils. In addition, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method was developed by using a C8 column and 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid as a buffering agent. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, repeatability, accuracy, and robustness for the analysis of the content of the two terpenes thymol and carvacrol in different Za’atar extracts. Using the validated analytical method, thymol and carvacrol content results revealed the best vegetable oil for extraction. Results showed that sesame oil had the highest content of thymol and carvacrol, followed by sunflower oil, and the least amount obtained by using olive oil. A consistent extraction result opens an opportunity for application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. For this reason, the essential extraction key parameters that influence the final content of thymol and carvacrol were evaluated. The highest impact originated from the quality and volume of sesame oil. Cold-pressed sesame oil resulted in a 23% higher content of thymol and decreased amount of carvacrol. It was found that wetting the Za’atar leaves powder with sesame oil was enough for extraction; any additional sesame oil volume dilutes the extracted sample. The second impact was the Za’atar cultivation conditions; less than 10% difference of thymol and carvacrol content was observed within Za’atar of Hebron origin. Finally, the origin of sesame seeds used for sesame oil production had the least impact.
format	article
author	Noyal Aweidah Hani Naseef Ramzi Muqdi Mohammad A. Farraj
author_facet	Noyal Aweidah Hani Naseef Ramzi Muqdi Mohammad A. Farraj
author_sort	Noyal Aweidah
title	Ultrasonic-Assisted Thymol and Carvacrol Extraction from Za’atar Leaves Using Cold-Pressed Sesame Oil
title_short	Ultrasonic-Assisted Thymol and Carvacrol Extraction from Za’atar Leaves Using Cold-Pressed Sesame Oil
title_full	Ultrasonic-Assisted Thymol and Carvacrol Extraction from Za’atar Leaves Using Cold-Pressed Sesame Oil
title_fullStr	Ultrasonic-Assisted Thymol and Carvacrol Extraction from Za’atar Leaves Using Cold-Pressed Sesame Oil
title_full_unstemmed	Ultrasonic-Assisted Thymol and Carvacrol Extraction from Za’atar Leaves Using Cold-Pressed Sesame Oil
title_sort	ultrasonic-assisted thymol and carvacrol extraction from za’atar leaves using cold-pressed sesame oil
publisher	Hindawi-Wiley
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9808f8a08d2147e4a10783099c14f2f9
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Thymol and Carvacrol Extraction from Za’atar Leaves Using Cold-Pressed Sesame Oil

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