Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest

Abstract Changing seasonal precipitation patterns prompted by climate change are likely causing increasing degradation of adobe architecture in the American Southwest. This deterioration includes surface erosion and catastrophic collapse. This study examines the impact of changing rainfall patterns...

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Autores principales:	Sharlot Hart, Kara Raymond, C. Jason Williams, Justin Johnson, Jacob DeGayner, Matthew C. Guebard
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	SpringerOpen 2021
Materias:	Earthen architecture Adobe Climate change Rain intensity Erosion Historic Fine Arts N Analytical chemistry QD71-142
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/98bf8c75df9c4959b8cfc6f400c30194
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:98bf8c75df9c4959b8cfc6f400c30194
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:98bf8c75df9c4959b8cfc6f400c301942021-11-07T12:15:41ZPrecipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest10.1186/s40494-021-00615-z2050-7445https://doaj.org/article/98bf8c75df9c4959b8cfc6f400c301942021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00615-zhttps://doaj.org/toc/2050-7445Abstract Changing seasonal precipitation patterns prompted by climate change are likely causing increasing degradation of adobe architecture in the American Southwest. This deterioration includes surface erosion and catastrophic collapse. This study examines the impact of changing rainfall patterns on untreated adobe walls to understand how damage occurs and anticipate future impacts. To complete the study, we constructed 20 adobe test walls. Using a portable rain simulator, each wall was subjected to two rainfall experiments: high-intensity rainfall simulations (rain intensity variable) and low-intensity rainfall simulations (rain event number variable). Wall-degradation metrics (material loss, volume loss, affected surface area, and cavity depth) were calculated for each wall using pre- and post-simulation LiDAR scans. Internal wall moisture was also measured with embedded volumetric water content sensors. In the high-intensity experiment, the lines of best-fit for material loss and affected surface area show that surface erosion increases with rain intensity, while cavity depth remains consistent. Linear models and post-hoc tests indicate material loss and affected surface area is significantly different for each high-intensity rainfall treatment. Furthermore, the interior of each wall remained relatively dry demonstrating that rain intensity is not a strong predictor of interior wall moisture. In the low-intensity rainfall experiment, the rainfall simulations yielded statistically similar erosion and interior wall moisture results. Greater infiltration occurred under low-intensity long-duration rain conditions, while greater surficial damage occurred under high-intensity rain conditions. In conclusion, changing weather regimes are bringing more intense rainfall events to the arid American Southwest. This study suggests that more frequent high intensity rain events will cause increasing damage to adobe walls. Resource managers will need to adapt current management strategies to account for this change.Sharlot HartKara RaymondC. Jason WilliamsJustin JohnsonJacob DeGaynerMatthew C. GuebardSpringerOpenarticleEarthen architectureAdobeClimate changeRain intensityErosionHistoricFine ArtsNAnalytical chemistryQD71-142ENHeritage Science, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Earthen architecture Adobe Climate change Rain intensity Erosion Historic Fine Arts N Analytical chemistry QD71-142
spellingShingle	Earthen architecture Adobe Climate change Rain intensity Erosion Historic Fine Arts N Analytical chemistry QD71-142 Sharlot Hart Kara Raymond C. Jason Williams Justin Johnson Jacob DeGayner Matthew C. Guebard Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest
description	Abstract Changing seasonal precipitation patterns prompted by climate change are likely causing increasing degradation of adobe architecture in the American Southwest. This deterioration includes surface erosion and catastrophic collapse. This study examines the impact of changing rainfall patterns on untreated adobe walls to understand how damage occurs and anticipate future impacts. To complete the study, we constructed 20 adobe test walls. Using a portable rain simulator, each wall was subjected to two rainfall experiments: high-intensity rainfall simulations (rain intensity variable) and low-intensity rainfall simulations (rain event number variable). Wall-degradation metrics (material loss, volume loss, affected surface area, and cavity depth) were calculated for each wall using pre- and post-simulation LiDAR scans. Internal wall moisture was also measured with embedded volumetric water content sensors. In the high-intensity experiment, the lines of best-fit for material loss and affected surface area show that surface erosion increases with rain intensity, while cavity depth remains consistent. Linear models and post-hoc tests indicate material loss and affected surface area is significantly different for each high-intensity rainfall treatment. Furthermore, the interior of each wall remained relatively dry demonstrating that rain intensity is not a strong predictor of interior wall moisture. In the low-intensity rainfall experiment, the rainfall simulations yielded statistically similar erosion and interior wall moisture results. Greater infiltration occurred under low-intensity long-duration rain conditions, while greater surficial damage occurred under high-intensity rain conditions. In conclusion, changing weather regimes are bringing more intense rainfall events to the arid American Southwest. This study suggests that more frequent high intensity rain events will cause increasing damage to adobe walls. Resource managers will need to adapt current management strategies to account for this change.
format	article
author	Sharlot Hart Kara Raymond C. Jason Williams Justin Johnson Jacob DeGayner Matthew C. Guebard
author_facet	Sharlot Hart Kara Raymond C. Jason Williams Justin Johnson Jacob DeGayner Matthew C. Guebard
author_sort	Sharlot Hart
title	Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest
title_short	Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest
title_full	Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest
title_fullStr	Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest
title_full_unstemmed	Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest
title_sort	precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the us southwest
publisher	SpringerOpen
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/98bf8c75df9c4959b8cfc6f400c30194
work_keys_str_mv	AT sharlothart precipitationimpactsonearthenarchitectureforbetterimplementationofculturalresourcemanagementintheussouthwest AT kararaymond precipitationimpactsonearthenarchitectureforbetterimplementationofculturalresourcemanagementintheussouthwest AT cjasonwilliams precipitationimpactsonearthenarchitectureforbetterimplementationofculturalresourcemanagementintheussouthwest AT justinjohnson precipitationimpactsonearthenarchitectureforbetterimplementationofculturalresourcemanagementintheussouthwest AT jacobdegayner precipitationimpactsonearthenarchitectureforbetterimplementationofculturalresourcemanagementintheussouthwest AT matthewcguebard precipitationimpactsonearthenarchitectureforbetterimplementationofculturalresourcemanagementintheussouthwest
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Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest

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