Archaeometric Analysis of the Objects from the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs) in the Crypt under the Piarist Church in Cracow (Poland)

Conservators extracted and preserved reliquaries hidden in the steps of the right flight of the Holy Stairs erected in the Piarist church crypt in Cracow (Poland). Three items from among 59 reliquaries were selected for specialist analyses: a framed, transparent cross containing a particle of the Tr...

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Autores principales:	Mariola Marszałek, Adam Gaweł, Karolina Pachuta, Eliza Buszko
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Scala Santa Piarist Church Cracow Poland glass beads reliquary cross Mineralogy QE351-399.2
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/98e2d618f71a45cea1557ec08b996fa9
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:98e2d618f71a45cea1557ec08b996fa9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:98e2d618f71a45cea1557ec08b996fa92021-11-25T18:26:01ZArchaeometric Analysis of the Objects from the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs) in the Crypt under the Piarist Church in Cracow (Poland)10.3390/min111111792075-163Xhttps://doaj.org/article/98e2d618f71a45cea1557ec08b996fa92021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/11/1179https://doaj.org/toc/2075-163XConservators extracted and preserved reliquaries hidden in the steps of the right flight of the Holy Stairs erected in the Piarist church crypt in Cracow (Poland). Three items from among 59 reliquaries were selected for specialist analyses: a framed, transparent cross containing a particle of the True Cross, and two opaque beads; an ornamented blue one without a hole and a drilled black one were analysed using non-destructive and non-invasive methods. The methods included scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The reliquary cross was found to be made of rock crystal and framed with an alloy of gold, silver and probably copper. The beads are made of glass; the blue bead represents forest plant-ash potash–lime glass and the black one, plant-ash soda–lime glass. Cobalt, probably along with copper, was used to produce the colour of the blue bead; manganese and iron ions were used to produce that of the black bead. Lead was present in both beads as one of the minor components and also as a component of corrosion products on their surfaces and probably also as part of the filler for the ornamentation of the blue bead. Nevertheless, it cannot be ruled out that the lead compounds were introduced intentionally to emphasize the bead ornamentation. The possible place and date of manufacture of the artefacts were also discussed.Mariola MarszałekAdam GawełKarolina PachutaEliza BuszkoMDPI AGarticleScala SantaPiarist ChurchCracowPolandglass beadsreliquary crossMineralogyQE351-399.2ENMinerals, Vol 11, Iss 1179, p 1179 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Scala Santa Piarist Church Cracow Poland glass beads reliquary cross Mineralogy QE351-399.2
spellingShingle	Scala Santa Piarist Church Cracow Poland glass beads reliquary cross Mineralogy QE351-399.2 Mariola Marszałek Adam Gaweł Karolina Pachuta Eliza Buszko Archaeometric Analysis of the Objects from the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs) in the Crypt under the Piarist Church in Cracow (Poland)
description	Conservators extracted and preserved reliquaries hidden in the steps of the right flight of the Holy Stairs erected in the Piarist church crypt in Cracow (Poland). Three items from among 59 reliquaries were selected for specialist analyses: a framed, transparent cross containing a particle of the True Cross, and two opaque beads; an ornamented blue one without a hole and a drilled black one were analysed using non-destructive and non-invasive methods. The methods included scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The reliquary cross was found to be made of rock crystal and framed with an alloy of gold, silver and probably copper. The beads are made of glass; the blue bead represents forest plant-ash potash–lime glass and the black one, plant-ash soda–lime glass. Cobalt, probably along with copper, was used to produce the colour of the blue bead; manganese and iron ions were used to produce that of the black bead. Lead was present in both beads as one of the minor components and also as a component of corrosion products on their surfaces and probably also as part of the filler for the ornamentation of the blue bead. Nevertheless, it cannot be ruled out that the lead compounds were introduced intentionally to emphasize the bead ornamentation. The possible place and date of manufacture of the artefacts were also discussed.
format	article
author	Mariola Marszałek Adam Gaweł Karolina Pachuta Eliza Buszko
author_facet	Mariola Marszałek Adam Gaweł Karolina Pachuta Eliza Buszko
author_sort	Mariola Marszałek
title	Archaeometric Analysis of the Objects from the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs) in the Crypt under the Piarist Church in Cracow (Poland)
title_short	Archaeometric Analysis of the Objects from the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs) in the Crypt under the Piarist Church in Cracow (Poland)
title_full	Archaeometric Analysis of the Objects from the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs) in the Crypt under the Piarist Church in Cracow (Poland)
title_fullStr	Archaeometric Analysis of the Objects from the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs) in the Crypt under the Piarist Church in Cracow (Poland)
title_full_unstemmed	Archaeometric Analysis of the Objects from the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs) in the Crypt under the Piarist Church in Cracow (Poland)
title_sort	archaeometric analysis of the objects from the scala santa (holy stairs) in the crypt under the piarist church in cracow (poland)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/98e2d618f71a45cea1557ec08b996fa9
work_keys_str_mv	AT mariolamarszałek archaeometricanalysisoftheobjectsfromthescalasantaholystairsinthecryptunderthepiaristchurchincracowpoland AT adamgaweł archaeometricanalysisoftheobjectsfromthescalasantaholystairsinthecryptunderthepiaristchurchincracowpoland AT karolinapachuta archaeometricanalysisoftheobjectsfromthescalasantaholystairsinthecryptunderthepiaristchurchincracowpoland AT elizabuszko archaeometricanalysisoftheobjectsfromthescalasantaholystairsinthecryptunderthepiaristchurchincracowpoland
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Archaeometric Analysis of the Objects from the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs) in the Crypt under the Piarist Church in Cracow (Poland)

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