Ocepeia (Middle Paleocene of Morocco): the oldest skull of an afrotherian mammal.

While key early(iest) fossils were recently discovered for several crown afrotherian mammal orders, basal afrotherians, e.g., early Cenozoic species that comprise sister taxa to Paenungulata, Afroinsectiphilia or Afrotheria, are nearly unknown, especially in Africa. Possible stem condylarth-like rel...

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Autores principales: Emmanuel Gheerbrant, Mbarek Amaghzaz, Baadi Bouya, Florent Goussard, Charlène Letenneur
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:9954cd87b11749d09dd9a3e998b83d322021-11-18T08:30:52ZOcepeia (Middle Paleocene of Morocco): the oldest skull of an afrotherian mammal.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0089739https://doaj.org/article/9954cd87b11749d09dd9a3e998b83d322014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24587000/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203While key early(iest) fossils were recently discovered for several crown afrotherian mammal orders, basal afrotherians, e.g., early Cenozoic species that comprise sister taxa to Paenungulata, Afroinsectiphilia or Afrotheria, are nearly unknown, especially in Africa. Possible stem condylarth-like relatives of the Paenungulata (hyraxes, sea-cows, elephants) include only Abdounodus hamdii and Ocepeia daouiensis from the Selandian of Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, both previously only documented by lower teeth. Here, we describe new fossils of Ocepeia, including O.grandis n. sp., and a sub-complete skull of O. daouiensis, the first known before the Eocene for African placentals. O.daouiensis skull displays a remarkable mosaic of autapomophic, ungulate-like and generalized eutherian-like characters. Autapomorphies include striking anthropoid-like characters of the rostrum and dentition. Besides having a basically eutherian-like skull construction, Ocepeia daouiensis is characterized by ungulate-like, and especially paenungulate-like characters of skull and dentition (e.g., selenodonty). However, some plesiomorphies such as absence of hypocone exclude Ocepeia from crown Paenungulata. Such a combination of plesiomorphic and derived characters best fits with a stem position of Ocepeia relative to Paenungulata. In our cladistic analyses Ocepeia is included in Afrotheria, but its shared derived characters with paenungulates are not optimized as exclusive synapomorphies. Rather, within Afrotheria Ocepeia is reconstructed as more closely related to insectivore-like afroinsectiphilians (i.e., aardvarks, sengis, tenrecs, and golden moles) than to paenungulates. This results from conflict with undetected convergences of Paenungulata and Perissodactyla in our cladistic analysis, such as the shared bilophodonty. The selenodont pattern best supports the stem paenungulate position of Ocepeia; that, however, needs further support. The remarkable character mosaic of Ocepeia makes it the first known "transitional fossil" between insectivore-like and ungulate-like afrotherians. In addition, the autapomorphic family Ocepeiidae supports the old--earliest Tertiary or Cretaceous--endemic evolution of placentals in Africa, in contrast to hypotheses rooting afrotherians in Paleogene Laurasian "condylarths".Emmanuel GheerbrantMbarek AmaghzazBaadi BouyaFlorent GoussardCharlène LetenneurPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 2, p e89739 (2014)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic Medicine
R
Science
Q
spellingShingle Medicine
R
Science
Q
Emmanuel Gheerbrant
Mbarek Amaghzaz
Baadi Bouya
Florent Goussard
Charlène Letenneur
Ocepeia (Middle Paleocene of Morocco): the oldest skull of an afrotherian mammal.
description While key early(iest) fossils were recently discovered for several crown afrotherian mammal orders, basal afrotherians, e.g., early Cenozoic species that comprise sister taxa to Paenungulata, Afroinsectiphilia or Afrotheria, are nearly unknown, especially in Africa. Possible stem condylarth-like relatives of the Paenungulata (hyraxes, sea-cows, elephants) include only Abdounodus hamdii and Ocepeia daouiensis from the Selandian of Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco, both previously only documented by lower teeth. Here, we describe new fossils of Ocepeia, including O.grandis n. sp., and a sub-complete skull of O. daouiensis, the first known before the Eocene for African placentals. O.daouiensis skull displays a remarkable mosaic of autapomophic, ungulate-like and generalized eutherian-like characters. Autapomorphies include striking anthropoid-like characters of the rostrum and dentition. Besides having a basically eutherian-like skull construction, Ocepeia daouiensis is characterized by ungulate-like, and especially paenungulate-like characters of skull and dentition (e.g., selenodonty). However, some plesiomorphies such as absence of hypocone exclude Ocepeia from crown Paenungulata. Such a combination of plesiomorphic and derived characters best fits with a stem position of Ocepeia relative to Paenungulata. In our cladistic analyses Ocepeia is included in Afrotheria, but its shared derived characters with paenungulates are not optimized as exclusive synapomorphies. Rather, within Afrotheria Ocepeia is reconstructed as more closely related to insectivore-like afroinsectiphilians (i.e., aardvarks, sengis, tenrecs, and golden moles) than to paenungulates. This results from conflict with undetected convergences of Paenungulata and Perissodactyla in our cladistic analysis, such as the shared bilophodonty. The selenodont pattern best supports the stem paenungulate position of Ocepeia; that, however, needs further support. The remarkable character mosaic of Ocepeia makes it the first known "transitional fossil" between insectivore-like and ungulate-like afrotherians. In addition, the autapomorphic family Ocepeiidae supports the old--earliest Tertiary or Cretaceous--endemic evolution of placentals in Africa, in contrast to hypotheses rooting afrotherians in Paleogene Laurasian "condylarths".
format article
author Emmanuel Gheerbrant
Mbarek Amaghzaz
Baadi Bouya
Florent Goussard
Charlène Letenneur
author_facet Emmanuel Gheerbrant
Mbarek Amaghzaz
Baadi Bouya
Florent Goussard
Charlène Letenneur
author_sort Emmanuel Gheerbrant
title Ocepeia (Middle Paleocene of Morocco): the oldest skull of an afrotherian mammal.
title_short Ocepeia (Middle Paleocene of Morocco): the oldest skull of an afrotherian mammal.
title_full Ocepeia (Middle Paleocene of Morocco): the oldest skull of an afrotherian mammal.
title_fullStr Ocepeia (Middle Paleocene of Morocco): the oldest skull of an afrotherian mammal.
title_full_unstemmed Ocepeia (Middle Paleocene of Morocco): the oldest skull of an afrotherian mammal.
title_sort ocepeia (middle paleocene of morocco): the oldest skull of an afrotherian mammal.
publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate 2014
url https://doaj.org/article/9954cd87b11749d09dd9a3e998b83d32
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