Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against Alternaria solani, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato

This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by pomegranate and orange peel extracts using a low concentration of AgNO3 solution to controlearly blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani. The pathogen was isolated from infected tomato plant...

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Autores principales:	Yasser S. Mostafa, Saad A. Alamri, Sulaiman A. Alrumman, Mohamed Hashem, Zakaria A. Baka
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Alternaria solani</i> silver nanoparticles pomegranate peel orange peel early blight tomato Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/99691dae3b48484d91d7f8deb244792d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:99691dae3b48484d91d7f8deb244792d2021-11-25T18:45:49ZGreen Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against <i>Alternaria solani</i>, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato10.3390/plants101123632223-7747https://doaj.org/article/99691dae3b48484d91d7f8deb244792d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2363https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by pomegranate and orange peel extracts using a low concentration of AgNO<sub>3</sub> solution to controlearly blight of tomato caused by <i>Alternaria solani</i>. The pathogen was isolated from infected tomato plants growing in different areas of Saudi Arabia. The isolates of this pathogen were morphologically and molecularly identified. Extracts from peels of pomegranate and orange fruits effectively developed a simple, quick, eco-friendly and economical method through a synthesis of AgNPs as antifungal agents against <i>A. solani</i>. Phenolic content in the pomegranate peel extract was greater than orange peel extract. Phenolic compounds showed a variation of both peel extracts as identified and quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The phenolic composition displayed variability as the pomegranate peel extract exhibited an exorbitant amount of Quercitrin (23.62 mg/g DW), while orange peel extract recorded a high amount of Chlorogenic acid (5.92 mg/g DW). Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV- visible spectroscopy which recorded an average wavelength of 437 nm and 450 nm for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited 32x73.24, 2223.71, 2047.29 and 1972.46 cm<sup>−1</sup>, and 3260.70, 1634.62, 1376.62 and 1243.76 cm<sup>−1</sup> for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical shape of nanoparticles. Zetasizer analysis presented negative charge values; −16.9 and −19.5 mV with average particle sizes 8 and 14 nm fin case of pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. In vitro, antifungal assay was done to estimate the possibility of biosynthesized AgNPs and crude extracts of fruit peels to reduce the mycelial growth of <i>A. solani</i>. AgNPs displayed more fungal mycelial inhibition than crude extracts of two peels and AgNO<sub>3</sub>. We recommend the use of AgNPs synthesized from fruit peels for controlling fungal plant pathogens and may be applied broadly and safely in place by using the chemical fungicides, which display high toxicity for humans.Yasser S. MostafaSaad A. AlamriSulaiman A. AlrummanMohamed HashemZakaria A. BakaMDPI AGarticle<i>Alternaria solani</i>silver nanoparticlespomegranate peelorange peelearly blighttomatoBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2363, p 2363 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Alternaria solani</i> silver nanoparticles pomegranate peel orange peel early blight tomato Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	<i>Alternaria solani</i> silver nanoparticles pomegranate peel orange peel early blight tomato Botany QK1-989 Yasser S. Mostafa Saad A. Alamri Sulaiman A. Alrumman Mohamed Hashem Zakaria A. Baka Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against <i>Alternaria solani</i>, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato
description	This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by pomegranate and orange peel extracts using a low concentration of AgNO<sub>3</sub> solution to controlearly blight of tomato caused by <i>Alternaria solani</i>. The pathogen was isolated from infected tomato plants growing in different areas of Saudi Arabia. The isolates of this pathogen were morphologically and molecularly identified. Extracts from peels of pomegranate and orange fruits effectively developed a simple, quick, eco-friendly and economical method through a synthesis of AgNPs as antifungal agents against <i>A. solani</i>. Phenolic content in the pomegranate peel extract was greater than orange peel extract. Phenolic compounds showed a variation of both peel extracts as identified and quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The phenolic composition displayed variability as the pomegranate peel extract exhibited an exorbitant amount of Quercitrin (23.62 mg/g DW), while orange peel extract recorded a high amount of Chlorogenic acid (5.92 mg/g DW). Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV- visible spectroscopy which recorded an average wavelength of 437 nm and 450 nm for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited 32x73.24, 2223.71, 2047.29 and 1972.46 cm<sup>−1</sup>, and 3260.70, 1634.62, 1376.62 and 1243.76 cm<sup>−1</sup> for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical shape of nanoparticles. Zetasizer analysis presented negative charge values; −16.9 and −19.5 mV with average particle sizes 8 and 14 nm fin case of pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. In vitro, antifungal assay was done to estimate the possibility of biosynthesized AgNPs and crude extracts of fruit peels to reduce the mycelial growth of <i>A. solani</i>. AgNPs displayed more fungal mycelial inhibition than crude extracts of two peels and AgNO<sub>3</sub>. We recommend the use of AgNPs synthesized from fruit peels for controlling fungal plant pathogens and may be applied broadly and safely in place by using the chemical fungicides, which display high toxicity for humans.
format	article
author	Yasser S. Mostafa Saad A. Alamri Sulaiman A. Alrumman Mohamed Hashem Zakaria A. Baka
author_facet	Yasser S. Mostafa Saad A. Alamri Sulaiman A. Alrumman Mohamed Hashem Zakaria A. Baka
author_sort	Yasser S. Mostafa
title	Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against <i>Alternaria solani</i>, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato
title_short	Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against <i>Alternaria solani</i>, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato
title_full	Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against <i>Alternaria solani</i>, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato
title_fullStr	Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against <i>Alternaria solani</i>, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato
title_full_unstemmed	Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against <i>Alternaria solani</i>, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato
title_sort	green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using pomegranate and orange peel extracts and their antifungal activity against <i>alternaria solani</i>, the causal agent of early blight disease of tomato
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/99691dae3b48484d91d7f8deb244792d
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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against <i>Alternaria solani</i>, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato

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