Pegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death

Alaa A Fadhel,1 Xiling Yue,1 Ebrahim H Ghazvini Zadeh,1 Mykhailo V Bondar,2 Kevin D Belfield3 1Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; 2Institute of Physics NASU, Kiev, Ukraine; 3Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts...

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Autores principales:	Fadhel AA, Yue X, Ghazvini Zadeh EH, Bondar MV, Belfield KD
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2016
Materias:	photodynamic therapy photoacid generator silica nanoparticles stimuli-responsive sulfonium salt Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/99a514005fbd44689dab12e77ad4917d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:99a514005fbd44689dab12e77ad4917d2021-12-02T05:08:59ZPegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/99a514005fbd44689dab12e77ad4917d2016-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/pegylated-and-nanoparticle-conjugated-sulfonium-salt-photo-triggers--n-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Alaa A Fadhel,1 Xiling Yue,1 Ebrahim H Ghazvini Zadeh,1 Mykhailo V Bondar,2 Kevin D Belfield3 1Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; 2Institute of Physics NASU, Kiev, Ukraine; 3Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) processes involving the production of singlet oxygen face the issue of oxygen concentration dependency. Despite high oxygen delivery, a variety of properties related to metabolism and vascular morphology in cancer cells result in hypoxic environments, resulting in limited effectiveness of such therapies. An alternative oxygen-independent agent whose cell cytotoxicity can be remotely controlled by light may allow access to treatment of hypoxic tumors. Toward that end, we developed and tested both polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized and hydrophilic silica nanoparticle (SiNP)-enriched photoacid generator (PAG) as a nontraditional PDT agent to effectively induce necrotic cell death in HCT-116 cells. Already known for applications in lithography and cationic polymerization, our developed oxygen-independent PDT, whether free or highly monodispersed on SiNPs, generates acid when a one-photon (1P) or two-photon (2P) excitation source is used, thus potentially permitting deep tissue treatment. Our study shows that when conjugated to SiNPs with protruding amine functionalities (SiNP–PAG9), such atypical PDT agents can be effectively delivered into HCT-116 cells and compartmentalize exclusively in lysosomes and endosomes. Loss of cell adhesion and cell swelling are detected when an excitation source is applied, suggesting that SiNP–PAG9, when excited via near-infrared 2P absorption (a subject of future investigation), can be used as a delivery system to selectively induce cell death in oxygen-deprived optically thick tissue. Keywords: oxygen-independent photodynamic therapy, photoacid generator, silica nanoparticles, stimuli-responsive, sulfonium saltFadhel AAYue XGhazvini Zadeh EHBondar MVBelfield KDDove Medical Pressarticlephotodynamic therapy photoacid generator silica nanoparticles stimuli-responsive sulfonium saltMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 11, Pp 6161-6168 (2016)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	photodynamic therapy photoacid generator silica nanoparticles stimuli-responsive sulfonium salt Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	photodynamic therapy photoacid generator silica nanoparticles stimuli-responsive sulfonium salt Medicine (General) R5-920 Fadhel AA Yue X Ghazvini Zadeh EH Bondar MV Belfield KD Pegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death
description	Alaa A Fadhel,1 Xiling Yue,1 Ebrahim H Ghazvini Zadeh,1 Mykhailo V Bondar,2 Kevin D Belfield3 1Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; 2Institute of Physics NASU, Kiev, Ukraine; 3Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) processes involving the production of singlet oxygen face the issue of oxygen concentration dependency. Despite high oxygen delivery, a variety of properties related to metabolism and vascular morphology in cancer cells result in hypoxic environments, resulting in limited effectiveness of such therapies. An alternative oxygen-independent agent whose cell cytotoxicity can be remotely controlled by light may allow access to treatment of hypoxic tumors. Toward that end, we developed and tested both polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized and hydrophilic silica nanoparticle (SiNP)-enriched photoacid generator (PAG) as a nontraditional PDT agent to effectively induce necrotic cell death in HCT-116 cells. Already known for applications in lithography and cationic polymerization, our developed oxygen-independent PDT, whether free or highly monodispersed on SiNPs, generates acid when a one-photon (1P) or two-photon (2P) excitation source is used, thus potentially permitting deep tissue treatment. Our study shows that when conjugated to SiNPs with protruding amine functionalities (SiNP–PAG9), such atypical PDT agents can be effectively delivered into HCT-116 cells and compartmentalize exclusively in lysosomes and endosomes. Loss of cell adhesion and cell swelling are detected when an excitation source is applied, suggesting that SiNP–PAG9, when excited via near-infrared 2P absorption (a subject of future investigation), can be used as a delivery system to selectively induce cell death in oxygen-deprived optically thick tissue. Keywords: oxygen-independent photodynamic therapy, photoacid generator, silica nanoparticles, stimuli-responsive, sulfonium salt
format	article
author	Fadhel AA Yue X Ghazvini Zadeh EH Bondar MV Belfield KD
author_facet	Fadhel AA Yue X Ghazvini Zadeh EH Bondar MV Belfield KD
author_sort	Fadhel AA
title	Pegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death
title_short	Pegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death
title_full	Pegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death
title_fullStr	Pegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death
title_full_unstemmed	Pegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death
title_sort	pegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2016
url	https://doaj.org/article/99a514005fbd44689dab12e77ad4917d
work_keys_str_mv	AT fadhelaa pegylatedandnanoparticleconjugatedsulfoniumsaltphototriggersnecroticcelldeath AT yuex pegylatedandnanoparticleconjugatedsulfoniumsaltphototriggersnecroticcelldeath AT ghazvinizadeheh pegylatedandnanoparticleconjugatedsulfoniumsaltphototriggersnecroticcelldeath AT bondarmv pegylatedandnanoparticleconjugatedsulfoniumsaltphototriggersnecroticcelldeath AT belfieldkd pegylatedandnanoparticleconjugatedsulfoniumsaltphototriggersnecroticcelldeath
_version_	1718400546379923456

Pegylated and nanoparticle-conjugated sulfonium salt photo triggers necrotic cell death

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