Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> (Acari: Varroidae)

Honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) are essential for their products—honey, royal jelly, pollen, propolis and beeswax. They are also indispensable because they support ecosystems with their pollination services. However, the production and functions of honey bees are hindered by the arthr...

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Autores principales:	Ziyad Abdul Qadir, Atif Idrees, Rashid Mahmood, Ghulam Sarwar, Muhammad Abu Bakar, Saboor Ahmad, Muhammad Mohsin Raza, Jun Li
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	honey bee formic acid oxalic acid thymol <i>Varroa destructor</i> Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/99a5ba0366e74365abef15c5dfba32b4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:99a5ba0366e74365abef15c5dfba32b42021-11-25T17:59:57ZEffectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> (Acari: Varroidae)10.3390/insects121110322075-4450https://doaj.org/article/99a5ba0366e74365abef15c5dfba32b42021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/11/1032https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4450Honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) are essential for their products—honey, royal jelly, pollen, propolis and beeswax. They are also indispensable because they support ecosystems with their pollination services. However, the production and functions of honey bees are hindered by the arthropod pest <i>Varroa destructor</i>, which attacks bees through its feeding activities. Efforts to control varroa mites have been made through the development of various synthetic pesticide groups, but have had limited success because the mites developed resistance and some of these pesticides are harmful to bees. Branded pesticides are rarely used in Pakistan, as beekeepers utilize acaricides from unknown sources. There is a need to create awareness of available naturally occurring acaricides that may serve as an alternative to synthetic acaricides. Although some naturally occurring compounds are considered toxic to the environment, the soft acaricides oxalic acid, thymol, and formic acid 65% are usually safe for honey bee colonies and beekeepers, when handled appropriately. The current study investigated the effectiveness of formic acid (10, 15, and 20 mL/hive), oxalic acid (4.2, 3.2, and 2.1%/hive), and thymol (6, 4, and 2 g/hive) in controlling mite infestation. The results indicated that all treatments significantly reduced the mite population (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The average efficacies of oxalic acid at 3.2% (94.84% ± 0.34) and 4.2% (92.68% ± 0.37) were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. The lowest efficacy was recorded in formic acid 65% at 10 mL (54.13%). Overall, the results indicated that soft acaricides—such as oxalic acid at 3.2% and 4.2% concentrations—are very effective at controlling varroa mites and can be used in broodless conditions without side effects.Ziyad Abdul QadirAtif IdreesRashid MahmoodGhulam SarwarMuhammad Abu BakarSaboor AhmadMuhammad Mohsin RazaJun LiMDPI AGarticlehoney beeformic acidoxalic acidthymol<i>Varroa destructor</i>ScienceQENInsects, Vol 12, Iss 1032, p 1032 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	honey bee formic acid oxalic acid thymol <i>Varroa destructor</i> Science Q
spellingShingle	honey bee formic acid oxalic acid thymol <i>Varroa destructor</i> Science Q Ziyad Abdul Qadir Atif Idrees Rashid Mahmood Ghulam Sarwar Muhammad Abu Bakar Saboor Ahmad Muhammad Mohsin Raza Jun Li Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> (Acari: Varroidae)
description	Honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) are essential for their products—honey, royal jelly, pollen, propolis and beeswax. They are also indispensable because they support ecosystems with their pollination services. However, the production and functions of honey bees are hindered by the arthropod pest <i>Varroa destructor</i>, which attacks bees through its feeding activities. Efforts to control varroa mites have been made through the development of various synthetic pesticide groups, but have had limited success because the mites developed resistance and some of these pesticides are harmful to bees. Branded pesticides are rarely used in Pakistan, as beekeepers utilize acaricides from unknown sources. There is a need to create awareness of available naturally occurring acaricides that may serve as an alternative to synthetic acaricides. Although some naturally occurring compounds are considered toxic to the environment, the soft acaricides oxalic acid, thymol, and formic acid 65% are usually safe for honey bee colonies and beekeepers, when handled appropriately. The current study investigated the effectiveness of formic acid (10, 15, and 20 mL/hive), oxalic acid (4.2, 3.2, and 2.1%/hive), and thymol (6, 4, and 2 g/hive) in controlling mite infestation. The results indicated that all treatments significantly reduced the mite population (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The average efficacies of oxalic acid at 3.2% (94.84% ± 0.34) and 4.2% (92.68% ± 0.37) were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. The lowest efficacy was recorded in formic acid 65% at 10 mL (54.13%). Overall, the results indicated that soft acaricides—such as oxalic acid at 3.2% and 4.2% concentrations—are very effective at controlling varroa mites and can be used in broodless conditions without side effects.
format	article
author	Ziyad Abdul Qadir Atif Idrees Rashid Mahmood Ghulam Sarwar Muhammad Abu Bakar Saboor Ahmad Muhammad Mohsin Raza Jun Li
author_facet	Ziyad Abdul Qadir Atif Idrees Rashid Mahmood Ghulam Sarwar Muhammad Abu Bakar Saboor Ahmad Muhammad Mohsin Raza Jun Li
author_sort	Ziyad Abdul Qadir
title	Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> (Acari: Varroidae)
title_short	Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> (Acari: Varroidae)
title_full	Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> (Acari: Varroidae)
title_fullStr	Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> (Acari: Varroidae)
title_full_unstemmed	Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> (Acari: Varroidae)
title_sort	effectiveness of different soft acaricides against honey bee ectoparasitic mite <i>varroa destructor</i> (acari: varroidae)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/99a5ba0366e74365abef15c5dfba32b4
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Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> (Acari: Varroidae)

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