Soybean Oil Enriched with Antioxidants Extracted from Watermelon (<i>Citrullus colocynthis</i>) Skin Sap and Coated in Hydrogel Beads via Ionotropic Gelation

Many plants and fruits are rich in antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds, such as phenolic compounds. Watermelon is one example, as various parts of the fruit present interesting phytochemical profiles. This study demonstrates that a natural <i>C. colocynthis</i> (watermelon) (W) skin...

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Autores principales:	Muhammad Farooq, Elham Azadfar, Monica Trif, Ramezan Ali Jabaleh, Alexandru Rusu, Zohre Bahrami, Mahniya Sharifi, Sneh Punia Bangar, Naila Ilyas, Bianca Eugenia Ștefănescu, Yunyang Wang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	soybean oil skin sap ultrasound-assisted extraction response surface stability phenolic compound Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/99e831f5099b47c9a5d4a8e9ac3f52e5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:99e831f5099b47c9a5d4a8e9ac3f52e52021-11-25T17:16:33ZSoybean Oil Enriched with Antioxidants Extracted from Watermelon (<i>Citrullus colocynthis</i>) Skin Sap and Coated in Hydrogel Beads via Ionotropic Gelation10.3390/coatings111113702079-6412https://doaj.org/article/99e831f5099b47c9a5d4a8e9ac3f52e52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/11/11/1370https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6412Many plants and fruits are rich in antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds, such as phenolic compounds. Watermelon is one example, as various parts of the fruit present interesting phytochemical profiles. This study demonstrates that a natural <i>C. colocynthis</i> (watermelon) (W) skin sap (SS) extract can effectively improve the oxidative stability of microencapsulated soybean (SB) oil. By employing a combination of alginate–xanthan gums (AXG) in a matrix hydrogel bead model with WSS extract, high encapsulation efficiency can be obtained (86%). The effects of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from watermelon (W) skin sap (SS) using the response surface methodology (RSM), as an optimized and efficient extraction process, are compared with the effects of a conventional extraction method, namely the percolation method. The WSS extracts are obtained via UAE and RSM or the conventional percolation extraction method. The two obtained extracts and synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytolune (BHT) are added to SB oil separately and their antioxidant effects are tested and compared. The results show the improved oxidative stability of SB oil containing the extract obtained via the optimized method (20–30%) compared to the SB oil samples containing extract obtained via the percolation extraction method, synthetic antioxidant (BHT), and SB oil only as the control (no antioxidant added). According to existing studies, we assume that the use of WSS as an effective antioxidant will ensure the prolonged stability of encapsulated SB oil in hydrogel beads, as it is well known that extended storage under different conditions may lead to severe lipid oxidation.Muhammad FarooqElham AzadfarMonica TrifRamezan Ali JabalehAlexandru RusuZohre BahramiMahniya SharifiSneh Punia BangarNaila IlyasBianca Eugenia ȘtefănescuYunyang WangMDPI AGarticlesoybean oilskin sapultrasound-assisted extractionresponse surfacestabilityphenolic compoundEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040ENCoatings, Vol 11, Iss 1370, p 1370 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	soybean oil skin sap ultrasound-assisted extraction response surface stability phenolic compound Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040
spellingShingle	soybean oil skin sap ultrasound-assisted extraction response surface stability phenolic compound Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Muhammad Farooq Elham Azadfar Monica Trif Ramezan Ali Jabaleh Alexandru Rusu Zohre Bahrami Mahniya Sharifi Sneh Punia Bangar Naila Ilyas Bianca Eugenia Ștefănescu Yunyang Wang Soybean Oil Enriched with Antioxidants Extracted from Watermelon (<i>Citrullus colocynthis</i>) Skin Sap and Coated in Hydrogel Beads via Ionotropic Gelation
description	Many plants and fruits are rich in antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds, such as phenolic compounds. Watermelon is one example, as various parts of the fruit present interesting phytochemical profiles. This study demonstrates that a natural <i>C. colocynthis</i> (watermelon) (W) skin sap (SS) extract can effectively improve the oxidative stability of microencapsulated soybean (SB) oil. By employing a combination of alginate–xanthan gums (AXG) in a matrix hydrogel bead model with WSS extract, high encapsulation efficiency can be obtained (86%). The effects of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from watermelon (W) skin sap (SS) using the response surface methodology (RSM), as an optimized and efficient extraction process, are compared with the effects of a conventional extraction method, namely the percolation method. The WSS extracts are obtained via UAE and RSM or the conventional percolation extraction method. The two obtained extracts and synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytolune (BHT) are added to SB oil separately and their antioxidant effects are tested and compared. The results show the improved oxidative stability of SB oil containing the extract obtained via the optimized method (20–30%) compared to the SB oil samples containing extract obtained via the percolation extraction method, synthetic antioxidant (BHT), and SB oil only as the control (no antioxidant added). According to existing studies, we assume that the use of WSS as an effective antioxidant will ensure the prolonged stability of encapsulated SB oil in hydrogel beads, as it is well known that extended storage under different conditions may lead to severe lipid oxidation.
format	article
author	Muhammad Farooq Elham Azadfar Monica Trif Ramezan Ali Jabaleh Alexandru Rusu Zohre Bahrami Mahniya Sharifi Sneh Punia Bangar Naila Ilyas Bianca Eugenia Ștefănescu Yunyang Wang
author_facet	Muhammad Farooq Elham Azadfar Monica Trif Ramezan Ali Jabaleh Alexandru Rusu Zohre Bahrami Mahniya Sharifi Sneh Punia Bangar Naila Ilyas Bianca Eugenia Ștefănescu Yunyang Wang
author_sort	Muhammad Farooq
title	Soybean Oil Enriched with Antioxidants Extracted from Watermelon (<i>Citrullus colocynthis</i>) Skin Sap and Coated in Hydrogel Beads via Ionotropic Gelation
title_short	Soybean Oil Enriched with Antioxidants Extracted from Watermelon (<i>Citrullus colocynthis</i>) Skin Sap and Coated in Hydrogel Beads via Ionotropic Gelation
title_full	Soybean Oil Enriched with Antioxidants Extracted from Watermelon (<i>Citrullus colocynthis</i>) Skin Sap and Coated in Hydrogel Beads via Ionotropic Gelation
title_fullStr	Soybean Oil Enriched with Antioxidants Extracted from Watermelon (<i>Citrullus colocynthis</i>) Skin Sap and Coated in Hydrogel Beads via Ionotropic Gelation
title_full_unstemmed	Soybean Oil Enriched with Antioxidants Extracted from Watermelon (<i>Citrullus colocynthis</i>) Skin Sap and Coated in Hydrogel Beads via Ionotropic Gelation
title_sort	soybean oil enriched with antioxidants extracted from watermelon (<i>citrullus colocynthis</i>) skin sap and coated in hydrogel beads via ionotropic gelation
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/99e831f5099b47c9a5d4a8e9ac3f52e5
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Soybean Oil Enriched with Antioxidants Extracted from Watermelon (<i>Citrullus colocynthis</i>) Skin Sap and Coated in Hydrogel Beads via Ionotropic Gelation

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