Mechanisms of magnetic stimulation of central nervous system neurons.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a stimulation method in which a magnetic coil generates a magnetic field in an area of interest in the brain. This magnetic field induces an electric field that modulates neuronal activity. The spatial distribution of the induced electric field is determine...

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Autores principales:	Tamar Pashut, Shuki Wolfus, Alex Friedman, Michal Lavidor, Izhar Bar-Gad, Yosef Yeshurun, Alon Korngreen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9a00aff77d6c4361bf85f41cc7577d0b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9a00aff77d6c4361bf85f41cc7577d0b2021-11-18T05:50:38ZMechanisms of magnetic stimulation of central nervous system neurons.1553-734X1553-735810.1371/journal.pcbi.1002022https://doaj.org/article/9a00aff77d6c4361bf85f41cc7577d0b2011-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21455288/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-734Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7358Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a stimulation method in which a magnetic coil generates a magnetic field in an area of interest in the brain. This magnetic field induces an electric field that modulates neuronal activity. The spatial distribution of the induced electric field is determined by the geometry and location of the coil relative to the brain. Although TMS has been used for several decades, the biophysical basis underlying the stimulation of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) is still unknown. To address this problem we developed a numerical scheme enabling us to combine realistic magnetic stimulation (MS) with compartmental modeling of neurons with arbitrary morphology. The induced electric field for each location in space was combined with standard compartmental modeling software to calculate the membrane current generated by the electromagnetic field for each segment of the neuron. In agreement with previous studies, the simulations suggested that peripheral axons were excited by the spatial gradients of the induced electric field. In both peripheral and central neurons, MS amplitude required for action potential generation was inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the stimulated compartment. Due to the importance of the fiber's diameter, magnetic stimulation of CNS neurons depolarized the soma followed by initiation of an action potential in the initial segment of the axon. Passive dendrites affect this process primarily as current sinks, not sources. The simulations predict that neurons with low current threshold are more susceptible to magnetic stimulation. Moreover, they suggest that MS does not directly trigger dendritic regenerative mechanisms. These insights into the mechanism of MS may be relevant for the design of multi-intensity TMS protocols, may facilitate the construction of magnetic stimulators, and may aid the interpretation of results of TMS of the CNS.Tamar PashutShuki WolfusAlex FriedmanMichal LavidorIzhar Bar-GadYosef YeshurunAlon KorngreenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Computational Biology, Vol 7, Iss 3, p e1002022 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Tamar Pashut Shuki Wolfus Alex Friedman Michal Lavidor Izhar Bar-Gad Yosef Yeshurun Alon Korngreen Mechanisms of magnetic stimulation of central nervous system neurons.
description	Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a stimulation method in which a magnetic coil generates a magnetic field in an area of interest in the brain. This magnetic field induces an electric field that modulates neuronal activity. The spatial distribution of the induced electric field is determined by the geometry and location of the coil relative to the brain. Although TMS has been used for several decades, the biophysical basis underlying the stimulation of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) is still unknown. To address this problem we developed a numerical scheme enabling us to combine realistic magnetic stimulation (MS) with compartmental modeling of neurons with arbitrary morphology. The induced electric field for each location in space was combined with standard compartmental modeling software to calculate the membrane current generated by the electromagnetic field for each segment of the neuron. In agreement with previous studies, the simulations suggested that peripheral axons were excited by the spatial gradients of the induced electric field. In both peripheral and central neurons, MS amplitude required for action potential generation was inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the stimulated compartment. Due to the importance of the fiber's diameter, magnetic stimulation of CNS neurons depolarized the soma followed by initiation of an action potential in the initial segment of the axon. Passive dendrites affect this process primarily as current sinks, not sources. The simulations predict that neurons with low current threshold are more susceptible to magnetic stimulation. Moreover, they suggest that MS does not directly trigger dendritic regenerative mechanisms. These insights into the mechanism of MS may be relevant for the design of multi-intensity TMS protocols, may facilitate the construction of magnetic stimulators, and may aid the interpretation of results of TMS of the CNS.
format	article
author	Tamar Pashut Shuki Wolfus Alex Friedman Michal Lavidor Izhar Bar-Gad Yosef Yeshurun Alon Korngreen
author_facet	Tamar Pashut Shuki Wolfus Alex Friedman Michal Lavidor Izhar Bar-Gad Yosef Yeshurun Alon Korngreen
author_sort	Tamar Pashut
title	Mechanisms of magnetic stimulation of central nervous system neurons.
title_short	Mechanisms of magnetic stimulation of central nervous system neurons.
title_full	Mechanisms of magnetic stimulation of central nervous system neurons.
title_fullStr	Mechanisms of magnetic stimulation of central nervous system neurons.
title_full_unstemmed	Mechanisms of magnetic stimulation of central nervous system neurons.
title_sort	mechanisms of magnetic stimulation of central nervous system neurons.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/9a00aff77d6c4361bf85f41cc7577d0b
work_keys_str_mv	AT tamarpashut mechanismsofmagneticstimulationofcentralnervoussystemneurons AT shukiwolfus mechanismsofmagneticstimulationofcentralnervoussystemneurons AT alexfriedman mechanismsofmagneticstimulationofcentralnervoussystemneurons AT michallavidor mechanismsofmagneticstimulationofcentralnervoussystemneurons AT izharbargad mechanismsofmagneticstimulationofcentralnervoussystemneurons AT yosefyeshurun mechanismsofmagneticstimulationofcentralnervoussystemneurons AT alonkorngreen mechanismsofmagneticstimulationofcentralnervoussystemneurons
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Mechanisms of magnetic stimulation of central nervous system neurons.

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