Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus

ABSTRACT Members of family Coronaviridae cause a variety of diseases in birds and mammals. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a lesser-researched coronavirus, can infect naive pigs of any age, but clinical disease is observed in pigs ≤4 weeks of age. No commercial PHEV vaccines...

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Autores principales:	Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz, Ronaldo Magtoto, Elizabeth Houston, David Baum, José Antonio Carrillo-Ávila, Gun Temeeyasen, Jeff Zimmerman, Pablo Piñeyro, Luis Giménez-Lirola
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	coronavirus ELISA encephalomyelitis porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus seroprevalence vomiting and wasting disease Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9a32e6ffb9fb4429b84bff1457fc2ce5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9a32e6ffb9fb4429b84bff1457fc2ce52021-11-15T15:30:14ZDetecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus10.1128/mSphere.00199-202379-5042https://doaj.org/article/9a32e6ffb9fb4429b84bff1457fc2ce52020-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00199-20https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Members of family Coronaviridae cause a variety of diseases in birds and mammals. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a lesser-researched coronavirus, can infect naive pigs of any age, but clinical disease is observed in pigs ≤4 weeks of age. No commercial PHEV vaccines are available, and neonatal protection from PHEV-associated disease is presumably dependent on lactogenic immunity. Although subclinical PHEV infections are thought to be common, PHEV ecology in commercial swine herds is unknown. To begin to address this gap in knowledge, a serum IgG antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the S1 protein was developed and evaluated on known-status samples and then used to estimate PHEV seroprevalence in U.S. sow herds. Assessment of the diagnostic performance of the PHEV S1 ELISA using serum samples (n = 924) collected from 7-week-old pigs (n = 84; 12 pigs per group) inoculated with PHEV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, or porcine deltacoronavirus showed that a sample-to-positive cutoff value of ≥0.6 was both sensitive and specific, i.e., all PHEV-inoculated pigs were seropositive from days postinoculation 10 to 42, and no cross-reactivity was observed in samples from other groups. The PHEV S1 ELISA was then used to estimate PHEV seroprevalence in U.S. sow herds (19 states) using 2,756 serum samples from breeding females (>28 weeks old) on commercial farms (n = 104) with no history of PHEV-associated disease. The overall seroprevalence was 53.35% (confidence interval [CI], ±1.86%) and herd seroprevalence was 96.15% (CI, ±3.70%). IMPORTANCE There is a paucity of information concerning the ecology of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) in commercial swine herds. This study provided evidence that PHEV infection is endemic and highly prevalent in U.S. swine herds. These results raised questions for future studies regarding the impact of endemic PHEV on swine health and the mechanisms by which this virus circulates in endemically infected populations. Regardless, the availability of the validated PHEV S1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) provides the means for swine producers to detect and monitor PHEV infections, confirm prior exposure to the virus, and to evaluate the immune status of breeding herds.Juan Carlos Mora-DíazRonaldo MagtotoElizabeth HoustonDavid BaumJosé Antonio Carrillo-ÁvilaGun TemeeyasenJeff ZimmermanPablo PiñeyroLuis Giménez-LirolaAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticlecoronavirusELISAencephalomyelitisporcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virusseroprevalencevomiting and wasting diseaseMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 5, Iss 3 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	coronavirus ELISA encephalomyelitis porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus seroprevalence vomiting and wasting disease Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	coronavirus ELISA encephalomyelitis porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus seroprevalence vomiting and wasting disease Microbiology QR1-502 Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz Ronaldo Magtoto Elizabeth Houston David Baum José Antonio Carrillo-Ávila Gun Temeeyasen Jeff Zimmerman Pablo Piñeyro Luis Giménez-Lirola Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus
description	ABSTRACT Members of family Coronaviridae cause a variety of diseases in birds and mammals. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a lesser-researched coronavirus, can infect naive pigs of any age, but clinical disease is observed in pigs ≤4 weeks of age. No commercial PHEV vaccines are available, and neonatal protection from PHEV-associated disease is presumably dependent on lactogenic immunity. Although subclinical PHEV infections are thought to be common, PHEV ecology in commercial swine herds is unknown. To begin to address this gap in knowledge, a serum IgG antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the S1 protein was developed and evaluated on known-status samples and then used to estimate PHEV seroprevalence in U.S. sow herds. Assessment of the diagnostic performance of the PHEV S1 ELISA using serum samples (n = 924) collected from 7-week-old pigs (n = 84; 12 pigs per group) inoculated with PHEV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, or porcine deltacoronavirus showed that a sample-to-positive cutoff value of ≥0.6 was both sensitive and specific, i.e., all PHEV-inoculated pigs were seropositive from days postinoculation 10 to 42, and no cross-reactivity was observed in samples from other groups. The PHEV S1 ELISA was then used to estimate PHEV seroprevalence in U.S. sow herds (19 states) using 2,756 serum samples from breeding females (>28 weeks old) on commercial farms (n = 104) with no history of PHEV-associated disease. The overall seroprevalence was 53.35% (confidence interval [CI], ±1.86%) and herd seroprevalence was 96.15% (CI, ±3.70%). IMPORTANCE There is a paucity of information concerning the ecology of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) in commercial swine herds. This study provided evidence that PHEV infection is endemic and highly prevalent in U.S. swine herds. These results raised questions for future studies regarding the impact of endemic PHEV on swine health and the mechanisms by which this virus circulates in endemically infected populations. Regardless, the availability of the validated PHEV S1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) provides the means for swine producers to detect and monitor PHEV infections, confirm prior exposure to the virus, and to evaluate the immune status of breeding herds.
format	article
author	Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz Ronaldo Magtoto Elizabeth Houston David Baum José Antonio Carrillo-Ávila Gun Temeeyasen Jeff Zimmerman Pablo Piñeyro Luis Giménez-Lirola
author_facet	Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz Ronaldo Magtoto Elizabeth Houston David Baum José Antonio Carrillo-Ávila Gun Temeeyasen Jeff Zimmerman Pablo Piñeyro Luis Giménez-Lirola
author_sort	Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
title	Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus
title_short	Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus
title_full	Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus
title_fullStr	Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus
title_full_unstemmed	Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus
title_sort	detecting and monitoring porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, an underresearched betacoronavirus
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/9a32e6ffb9fb4429b84bff1457fc2ce5
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Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus

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