Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves

A significant body of research has emerged for adapting diverse intelligent distributed energy resources to provide primary frequency reserves (PFR). However, such works are usually vague about the technical specifications for PFR. Industrial practitioners designing systems for PFR markets must pre-...

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Autores principales:	Niko Karhula, Seppo Sierla, Valeriy Vyatkin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	aggregator primary frequency reserve LED lighting demand response NarrowBand-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) ancillary service Technology T
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9a6a2e7256b24f4fb7179d75017c368f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9a6a2e7256b24f4fb7179d75017c368f2021-11-11T15:44:57ZValidating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves10.3390/en142169141996-1073https://doaj.org/article/9a6a2e7256b24f4fb7179d75017c368f2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/21/6914https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073A significant body of research has emerged for adapting diverse intelligent distributed energy resources to provide primary frequency reserves (PFR). However, such works are usually vague about the technical specifications for PFR. Industrial practitioners designing systems for PFR markets must pre-qualify their PFR resources against the specifications of the market operator, which is usually a transmission system operator (TSO) or independent system operator (ISO). TSO and ISO requirements for PFR have been underspecified with respect to real-time performance, but as fossil-fuel based PFR is being replaced by various distributed energy resources, these requirements are being tightened. The TSOs of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden have recently released a joint pilot phase specification with novel requirements on the dynamic performance of PFR resources. This paper presents an automated procedure for performing the pre-qualification procedure against this specification. The procedure is generic and has been demonstrated with a testbed of light emitting diode (LED) lights. The implications of low bandwidth Internet of Things communications, as well as the need to avoid abrupt control actions that irritate human users, have been investigated in the automated procedure.Niko KarhulaSeppo SierlaValeriy VyatkinMDPI AGarticleaggregatorprimary frequency reserveLED lightingdemand responseNarrowBand-Internet of Things (NB-IoT)ancillary serviceTechnologyTENEnergies, Vol 14, Iss 6914, p 6914 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	aggregator primary frequency reserve LED lighting demand response NarrowBand-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) ancillary service Technology T
spellingShingle	aggregator primary frequency reserve LED lighting demand response NarrowBand-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) ancillary service Technology T Niko Karhula Seppo Sierla Valeriy Vyatkin Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves
description	A significant body of research has emerged for adapting diverse intelligent distributed energy resources to provide primary frequency reserves (PFR). However, such works are usually vague about the technical specifications for PFR. Industrial practitioners designing systems for PFR markets must pre-qualify their PFR resources against the specifications of the market operator, which is usually a transmission system operator (TSO) or independent system operator (ISO). TSO and ISO requirements for PFR have been underspecified with respect to real-time performance, but as fossil-fuel based PFR is being replaced by various distributed energy resources, these requirements are being tightened. The TSOs of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden have recently released a joint pilot phase specification with novel requirements on the dynamic performance of PFR resources. This paper presents an automated procedure for performing the pre-qualification procedure against this specification. The procedure is generic and has been demonstrated with a testbed of light emitting diode (LED) lights. The implications of low bandwidth Internet of Things communications, as well as the need to avoid abrupt control actions that irritate human users, have been investigated in the automated procedure.
format	article
author	Niko Karhula Seppo Sierla Valeriy Vyatkin
author_facet	Niko Karhula Seppo Sierla Valeriy Vyatkin
author_sort	Niko Karhula
title	Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves
title_short	Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves
title_full	Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves
title_fullStr	Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves
title_full_unstemmed	Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves
title_sort	validating the real-time performance of distributed energy resources participating on primary frequency reserves
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9a6a2e7256b24f4fb7179d75017c368f
work_keys_str_mv	AT nikokarhula validatingtherealtimeperformanceofdistributedenergyresourcesparticipatingonprimaryfrequencyreserves AT sepposierla validatingtherealtimeperformanceofdistributedenergyresourcesparticipatingonprimaryfrequencyreserves AT valeriyvyatkin validatingtherealtimeperformanceofdistributedenergyresourcesparticipatingonprimaryfrequencyreserves
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Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves

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