The dynamic history of gymnosperm plastomes: Insights from structural characterization, comparative analysis, phylogenomics, and time divergence
Abstract Gymnosperms are among the most endangered groups of plant species; they include ginkgo, pines (Conifers I), cupressophytes (Conifers II), cycads, and gnetophytes. The relationships among the five extant gymnosperm groups remain equivocal. We analyzed 167 available gymnosperm plastomes and i...
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2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:9ada097f6bee45af8754272ff34765172021-12-05T07:50:12ZThe dynamic history of gymnosperm plastomes: Insights from structural characterization, comparative analysis, phylogenomics, and time divergence1940-337210.1002/tpg2.20130https://doaj.org/article/9ada097f6bee45af8754272ff34765172021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20130https://doaj.org/toc/1940-3372Abstract Gymnosperms are among the most endangered groups of plant species; they include ginkgo, pines (Conifers I), cupressophytes (Conifers II), cycads, and gnetophytes. The relationships among the five extant gymnosperm groups remain equivocal. We analyzed 167 available gymnosperm plastomes and investigated their diversity and phylogeny. We found that plastome size, structure, and gene order were highly variable in the five gymnosperm groups, of which Parasitaxus usta (Vieill.) de Laub. and Macrozamia mountperriensis F.M.Bailey had the smallest and largest plastomes, respectively. The inverted repeats (IRs) of the five groups were shown to have evolved through distinctive evolutionary scenarios. The IRs have been lost in all conifers but retained in cycads and gnetophytes. A positive association between simple sequence repeat (SSR) abundance and plastome size was observed, and the SSRs with the most variation were found in Pinaceae. Furthermore, the number of repeats was negatively correlated with IR length; thus, the highest number of repeats was detected in Conifers I and II, in which the IRs had been lost. We constructed a phylogeny based on 29 shared genes from 167 plastomes. With the plastome tree and 13 calibrations, we estimated the tree height between present‐day angiosperms and gymnosperms to be ∼380 million years ago (mya). The placement of Gnetales in the tree agreed with the Gnetales–other gymnosperms hypothesis. The divergence between Ginkgo and cycads was estimated as ∼284 mya; the crown age of the cycads was 251 mya. Our time‐calibrated plastid‐based phylogenomic tree provides a framework for comparative studies of gymnosperm evolution.LubnaSajjad AsafAbdul Latif KhanRahmatullah JanArif KhanAdil KhanKyung‐Min KimIn‐Jung LeeWileyarticlePlant cultureSB1-1110GeneticsQH426-470ENThe Plant Genome, Vol 14, Iss 3, Pp n/a-n/a (2021) |
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Plant culture SB1-1110 Genetics QH426-470 |
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Plant culture SB1-1110 Genetics QH426-470 Lubna Sajjad Asaf Abdul Latif Khan Rahmatullah Jan Arif Khan Adil Khan Kyung‐Min Kim In‐Jung Lee The dynamic history of gymnosperm plastomes: Insights from structural characterization, comparative analysis, phylogenomics, and time divergence |
| description |
Abstract Gymnosperms are among the most endangered groups of plant species; they include ginkgo, pines (Conifers I), cupressophytes (Conifers II), cycads, and gnetophytes. The relationships among the five extant gymnosperm groups remain equivocal. We analyzed 167 available gymnosperm plastomes and investigated their diversity and phylogeny. We found that plastome size, structure, and gene order were highly variable in the five gymnosperm groups, of which Parasitaxus usta (Vieill.) de Laub. and Macrozamia mountperriensis F.M.Bailey had the smallest and largest plastomes, respectively. The inverted repeats (IRs) of the five groups were shown to have evolved through distinctive evolutionary scenarios. The IRs have been lost in all conifers but retained in cycads and gnetophytes. A positive association between simple sequence repeat (SSR) abundance and plastome size was observed, and the SSRs with the most variation were found in Pinaceae. Furthermore, the number of repeats was negatively correlated with IR length; thus, the highest number of repeats was detected in Conifers I and II, in which the IRs had been lost. We constructed a phylogeny based on 29 shared genes from 167 plastomes. With the plastome tree and 13 calibrations, we estimated the tree height between present‐day angiosperms and gymnosperms to be ∼380 million years ago (mya). The placement of Gnetales in the tree agreed with the Gnetales–other gymnosperms hypothesis. The divergence between Ginkgo and cycads was estimated as ∼284 mya; the crown age of the cycads was 251 mya. Our time‐calibrated plastid‐based phylogenomic tree provides a framework for comparative studies of gymnosperm evolution. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Lubna Sajjad Asaf Abdul Latif Khan Rahmatullah Jan Arif Khan Adil Khan Kyung‐Min Kim In‐Jung Lee |
| author_facet |
Lubna Sajjad Asaf Abdul Latif Khan Rahmatullah Jan Arif Khan Adil Khan Kyung‐Min Kim In‐Jung Lee |
| author_sort |
Lubna |
| title |
The dynamic history of gymnosperm plastomes: Insights from structural characterization, comparative analysis, phylogenomics, and time divergence |
| title_short |
The dynamic history of gymnosperm plastomes: Insights from structural characterization, comparative analysis, phylogenomics, and time divergence |
| title_full |
The dynamic history of gymnosperm plastomes: Insights from structural characterization, comparative analysis, phylogenomics, and time divergence |
| title_fullStr |
The dynamic history of gymnosperm plastomes: Insights from structural characterization, comparative analysis, phylogenomics, and time divergence |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The dynamic history of gymnosperm plastomes: Insights from structural characterization, comparative analysis, phylogenomics, and time divergence |
| title_sort |
dynamic history of gymnosperm plastomes: insights from structural characterization, comparative analysis, phylogenomics, and time divergence |
| publisher |
Wiley |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/9ada097f6bee45af8754272ff3476517 |
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