Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Observations for Harmful Algae Blooms in a Small Eutrophic Lake

Widespread harmful cyanobacterial bloom is one of the most pressing concerns in lakes and reservoirs, resulting in a lot of negative ecological consequences and threatening public health. Ocean color instruments with low spatial resolution have been used to monitor cyanobacterial bloom in large lake...

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Autores principales:	Miao Liu, Hong Ling, Dan Wu, Xiaomei Su, Zhigang Cao
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	algae bloom landsat sentinel lakes eutrophic remote sensing Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9b126c7e30bd4f2895d2aeb64b7a2f9f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9b126c7e30bd4f2895d2aeb64b7a2f9f2021-11-11T18:59:00ZSentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Observations for Harmful Algae Blooms in a Small Eutrophic Lake10.3390/rs132144792072-4292https://doaj.org/article/9b126c7e30bd4f2895d2aeb64b7a2f9f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4479https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292Widespread harmful cyanobacterial bloom is one of the most pressing concerns in lakes and reservoirs, resulting in a lot of negative ecological consequences and threatening public health. Ocean color instruments with low spatial resolution have been used to monitor cyanobacterial bloom in large lakes; however, they cannot be applied to small water bodies well. Here, the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) onboard Sentinel-2A and -2B and the Operational Landsat Imager (OLI) onboard Landsat-8 were employed to assemble the virtual constellation and to track spatial and seasonal variations in floating algae blooms from 2016 to 2020 in a small eutrophic plateau lake: Lake Xingyun in China. The floating algae index (FAI) was calculated using Rayleigh-corrected reflectance in the red, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared bands. The MSI-derived FAI had a similar pattern to the OLI-derived FAI, with a mean absolute percentage error of 19.98% and unbiased percentage difference of 17.05%. Then, an FAI threshold, 0.0693, was determined using bimodal histograms of FAI images for floating algae extraction. The floating algae had a higher occurrence in the northern region than the southern region in this lake, whilst the occurrence of floating algae in summer and autumn was higher than that in spring and winter. Such a spatial and seasonal pattern was related to the variability in air temperature, wind speed and direction, and nutrients. The climatological annual mean occurrence of floating algae from 2016 to 2020 in Lake Xingyun exhibited a significant decrease, which was related to decreases in nutrients, resulting from efficient ecological restoration by the local government. This research highlighted the application of OLI-MSI virtual constellation on monitoring floating algae in a small lake, providing a practical and theoretical reference to monitor aquatic environments in small water bodies.Miao LiuHong LingDan WuXiaomei SuZhigang CaoMDPI AGarticlealgae bloomlandsatsentinellakeseutrophicremote sensingScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4479, p 4479 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	algae bloom landsat sentinel lakes eutrophic remote sensing Science Q
spellingShingle	algae bloom landsat sentinel lakes eutrophic remote sensing Science Q Miao Liu Hong Ling Dan Wu Xiaomei Su Zhigang Cao Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Observations for Harmful Algae Blooms in a Small Eutrophic Lake
description	Widespread harmful cyanobacterial bloom is one of the most pressing concerns in lakes and reservoirs, resulting in a lot of negative ecological consequences and threatening public health. Ocean color instruments with low spatial resolution have been used to monitor cyanobacterial bloom in large lakes; however, they cannot be applied to small water bodies well. Here, the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) onboard Sentinel-2A and -2B and the Operational Landsat Imager (OLI) onboard Landsat-8 were employed to assemble the virtual constellation and to track spatial and seasonal variations in floating algae blooms from 2016 to 2020 in a small eutrophic plateau lake: Lake Xingyun in China. The floating algae index (FAI) was calculated using Rayleigh-corrected reflectance in the red, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared bands. The MSI-derived FAI had a similar pattern to the OLI-derived FAI, with a mean absolute percentage error of 19.98% and unbiased percentage difference of 17.05%. Then, an FAI threshold, 0.0693, was determined using bimodal histograms of FAI images for floating algae extraction. The floating algae had a higher occurrence in the northern region than the southern region in this lake, whilst the occurrence of floating algae in summer and autumn was higher than that in spring and winter. Such a spatial and seasonal pattern was related to the variability in air temperature, wind speed and direction, and nutrients. The climatological annual mean occurrence of floating algae from 2016 to 2020 in Lake Xingyun exhibited a significant decrease, which was related to decreases in nutrients, resulting from efficient ecological restoration by the local government. This research highlighted the application of OLI-MSI virtual constellation on monitoring floating algae in a small lake, providing a practical and theoretical reference to monitor aquatic environments in small water bodies.
format	article
author	Miao Liu Hong Ling Dan Wu Xiaomei Su Zhigang Cao
author_facet	Miao Liu Hong Ling Dan Wu Xiaomei Su Zhigang Cao
author_sort	Miao Liu
title	Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Observations for Harmful Algae Blooms in a Small Eutrophic Lake
title_short	Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Observations for Harmful Algae Blooms in a Small Eutrophic Lake
title_full	Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Observations for Harmful Algae Blooms in a Small Eutrophic Lake
title_fullStr	Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Observations for Harmful Algae Blooms in a Small Eutrophic Lake
title_full_unstemmed	Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Observations for Harmful Algae Blooms in a Small Eutrophic Lake
title_sort	sentinel-2 and landsat-8 observations for harmful algae blooms in a small eutrophic lake
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9b126c7e30bd4f2895d2aeb64b7a2f9f
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Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Observations for Harmful Algae Blooms in a Small Eutrophic Lake

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