Identification of a genomic reservoir for new TRIM genes in primate genomes.

Tripartite Motif (TRIM) ubiquitin ligases act in the innate immune response against viruses. One of the best characterized members of this family, TRIM5α, serves as a potent retroviral restriction factor with activity against HIV. Here, we characterize what are likely to be the youngest TRIM genes i...

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Autores principales:	Kyudong Han, Dianne I Lou, Sara L Sawyer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Genetics QH426-470
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9b73b9ac21464bd89d278340b825e83d
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:9b73b9ac21464bd89d278340b825e83d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9b73b9ac21464bd89d278340b825e83d2021-11-18T06:19:09ZIdentification of a genomic reservoir for new TRIM genes in primate genomes.1553-73901553-740410.1371/journal.pgen.1002388https://doaj.org/article/9b73b9ac21464bd89d278340b825e83d2011-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22144910/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7390https://doaj.org/toc/1553-7404Tripartite Motif (TRIM) ubiquitin ligases act in the innate immune response against viruses. One of the best characterized members of this family, TRIM5α, serves as a potent retroviral restriction factor with activity against HIV. Here, we characterize what are likely to be the youngest TRIM genes in the human genome. For instance, we have identified 11 TRIM genes that are specific to humans and African apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas) and another 7 that are human-specific. Many of these young genes have never been described, and their identification brings the total number of known human TRIM genes to approximately 100. These genes were acquired through segmental duplications, most of which originated from a single locus on chromosome 11. Another polymorphic duplication of this locus has resulted in these genes being copy number variable within the human population, with a Han Chinese woman identified as having 12 additional copies of these TRIM genes compared to other individuals screened in this study. Recently, this locus was annotated as one of 34 "hotspot" regions that are also copy number variable in the genomes of chimpanzees and rhesus macaques. Most of the young TRIM genes originating from this locus are expressed, spliced, and contain signatures of positive natural selection in regions known to determine virus recognition in TRIM5α. However, we find that they do not restrict the same retroviruses as TRIM5α, consistent with the high degree of divergence observed in the regions that control target specificity. We propose that this recombinationally volatile locus serves as a reservoir from which new TRIM genes arise through segmental duplication, allowing primates to continually acquire new antiviral genes that can be selected to target new and evolving pathogens.Kyudong HanDianne I LouSara L SawyerPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleGeneticsQH426-470ENPLoS Genetics, Vol 7, Iss 12, p e1002388 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Genetics QH426-470
spellingShingle	Genetics QH426-470 Kyudong Han Dianne I Lou Sara L Sawyer Identification of a genomic reservoir for new TRIM genes in primate genomes.
description	Tripartite Motif (TRIM) ubiquitin ligases act in the innate immune response against viruses. One of the best characterized members of this family, TRIM5α, serves as a potent retroviral restriction factor with activity against HIV. Here, we characterize what are likely to be the youngest TRIM genes in the human genome. For instance, we have identified 11 TRIM genes that are specific to humans and African apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas) and another 7 that are human-specific. Many of these young genes have never been described, and their identification brings the total number of known human TRIM genes to approximately 100. These genes were acquired through segmental duplications, most of which originated from a single locus on chromosome 11. Another polymorphic duplication of this locus has resulted in these genes being copy number variable within the human population, with a Han Chinese woman identified as having 12 additional copies of these TRIM genes compared to other individuals screened in this study. Recently, this locus was annotated as one of 34 "hotspot" regions that are also copy number variable in the genomes of chimpanzees and rhesus macaques. Most of the young TRIM genes originating from this locus are expressed, spliced, and contain signatures of positive natural selection in regions known to determine virus recognition in TRIM5α. However, we find that they do not restrict the same retroviruses as TRIM5α, consistent with the high degree of divergence observed in the regions that control target specificity. We propose that this recombinationally volatile locus serves as a reservoir from which new TRIM genes arise through segmental duplication, allowing primates to continually acquire new antiviral genes that can be selected to target new and evolving pathogens.
format	article
author	Kyudong Han Dianne I Lou Sara L Sawyer
author_facet	Kyudong Han Dianne I Lou Sara L Sawyer
author_sort	Kyudong Han
title	Identification of a genomic reservoir for new TRIM genes in primate genomes.
title_short	Identification of a genomic reservoir for new TRIM genes in primate genomes.
title_full	Identification of a genomic reservoir for new TRIM genes in primate genomes.
title_fullStr	Identification of a genomic reservoir for new TRIM genes in primate genomes.
title_full_unstemmed	Identification of a genomic reservoir for new TRIM genes in primate genomes.
title_sort	identification of a genomic reservoir for new trim genes in primate genomes.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/9b73b9ac21464bd89d278340b825e83d
work_keys_str_mv	AT kyudonghan identificationofagenomicreservoirfornewtrimgenesinprimategenomes AT dianneilou identificationofagenomicreservoirfornewtrimgenesinprimategenomes AT saralsawyer identificationofagenomicreservoirfornewtrimgenesinprimategenomes
_version_	1718424496315039744

Identification of a genomic reservoir for new TRIM genes in primate genomes.

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