The dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect

Braver's (2012) dual mechanisms of cognitive control differentiate between proactive control (PMC; i.e. early selection and maintenance of goal-relevant information) and reactive control (RMC; i.e. a late mobilization of attention when required). It has been suggested that higher cognitive capa...

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Autores principales:	Helene M. von Gugelberg, Karl Schweizer, Stefan J. Troche
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	2223 2340 3120 Psychology BF1-990
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9b95b33f318f4a8da0248306d1b26920
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9b95b33f318f4a8da0248306d1b269202021-11-14T04:27:36ZThe dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect0001-691810.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103448https://doaj.org/article/9b95b33f318f4a8da0248306d1b269202021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691821001980https://doaj.org/toc/0001-6918Braver's (2012) dual mechanisms of cognitive control differentiate between proactive control (PMC; i.e. early selection and maintenance of goal-relevant information) and reactive control (RMC; i.e. a late mobilization of attention when required). It has been suggested that higher cognitive capacities (as indicated by reasoning ability as a major characteristic of fluid intelligence) facilitate using the more resource-demanding PMC. We propose the following alternative explanation: engagement in PMC during the completion of reasoning tests leads to better test performance because gained knowledge (i.e. rules learned) during completion of early items is better maintained and transferred to later items. This learning of rules during the completion of a reasoning test results in an item-position effect (IPE) as an additional source of individual differences besides reasoning ability. We investigated this idea in a sample of 210 young adults who completed the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) and the Vienna Matrices Test (VMT). Using fixed-links modeling, we separated an IPE from reasoning ability in the VMT. Based on reaction time (RT) patterns across AX-CPT conditions, we identified three different groups by means of latent-profile analysis. RT patterns indicated engagement in PMC for Group A, mixed PMC and RMC for Group B, and RMC for Group C. With the consideration of the IPE, groups did not differ in their reasoning abilities. However, Group A (engaging in PMC) had a more pronounced IPE than Group C (engaging in RMC). Therefore, we conclude that PMC contributes to a stronger IPE, which in turn leads to higher scores in reasoning tests as measures of fluid intelligence.Helene M. von GugelbergKarl SchweizerStefan J. TrocheElsevierarticle222323403120PsychologyBF1-990ENActa Psychologica, Vol 221, Iss , Pp 103448- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	2223 2340 3120 Psychology BF1-990
spellingShingle	2223 2340 3120 Psychology BF1-990 Helene M. von Gugelberg Karl Schweizer Stefan J. Troche The dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect
description	Braver's (2012) dual mechanisms of cognitive control differentiate between proactive control (PMC; i.e. early selection and maintenance of goal-relevant information) and reactive control (RMC; i.e. a late mobilization of attention when required). It has been suggested that higher cognitive capacities (as indicated by reasoning ability as a major characteristic of fluid intelligence) facilitate using the more resource-demanding PMC. We propose the following alternative explanation: engagement in PMC during the completion of reasoning tests leads to better test performance because gained knowledge (i.e. rules learned) during completion of early items is better maintained and transferred to later items. This learning of rules during the completion of a reasoning test results in an item-position effect (IPE) as an additional source of individual differences besides reasoning ability. We investigated this idea in a sample of 210 young adults who completed the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) and the Vienna Matrices Test (VMT). Using fixed-links modeling, we separated an IPE from reasoning ability in the VMT. Based on reaction time (RT) patterns across AX-CPT conditions, we identified three different groups by means of latent-profile analysis. RT patterns indicated engagement in PMC for Group A, mixed PMC and RMC for Group B, and RMC for Group C. With the consideration of the IPE, groups did not differ in their reasoning abilities. However, Group A (engaging in PMC) had a more pronounced IPE than Group C (engaging in RMC). Therefore, we conclude that PMC contributes to a stronger IPE, which in turn leads to higher scores in reasoning tests as measures of fluid intelligence.
format	article
author	Helene M. von Gugelberg Karl Schweizer Stefan J. Troche
author_facet	Helene M. von Gugelberg Karl Schweizer Stefan J. Troche
author_sort	Helene M. von Gugelberg
title	The dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect
title_short	The dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect
title_full	The dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect
title_fullStr	The dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect
title_full_unstemmed	The dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect
title_sort	dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9b95b33f318f4a8da0248306d1b26920
work_keys_str_mv	AT helenemvongugelberg thedualmechanismsofcognitivecontrolandtheirrelationtoreasoningandtheitempositioneffect AT karlschweizer thedualmechanismsofcognitivecontrolandtheirrelationtoreasoningandtheitempositioneffect AT stefanjtroche thedualmechanismsofcognitivecontrolandtheirrelationtoreasoningandtheitempositioneffect AT helenemvongugelberg dualmechanismsofcognitivecontrolandtheirrelationtoreasoningandtheitempositioneffect AT karlschweizer dualmechanismsofcognitivecontrolandtheirrelationtoreasoningandtheitempositioneffect AT stefanjtroche dualmechanismsofcognitivecontrolandtheirrelationtoreasoningandtheitempositioneffect
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The dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect

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