Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.

<h4>Background</h4>The atomizers of electronic cigarettes (ECs) contain metals that transfer to the aerosol upon heating and may present health hazards. This study analyzed 4th-generation EC pod atomizer design features and characterized their elemental/metal composition.<h4>Method...

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Autores principales:	Esther E Omaiye, Monique Williams, Krassimir N Bozhilov, Prue Talbot
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9bccd373445545ca9d9be96f3ad31212
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9bccd373445545ca9d9be96f3ad312122021-12-02T20:05:44ZDesign features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0248127https://doaj.org/article/9bccd373445545ca9d9be96f3ad312122021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248127https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>The atomizers of electronic cigarettes (ECs) contain metals that transfer to the aerosol upon heating and may present health hazards. This study analyzed 4th-generation EC pod atomizer design features and characterized their elemental/metal composition.<h4>Methods</h4>Eleven EC pods from six brands/manufacturers were purchased at local shops and online. Pods were dissected and imaged using a Canon EOS Rebel SL2 camera. Elemental analysis and mapping of atomizer components was done using a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer.<h4>Results</h4>EC pods varied in size and design. The internal atomizer components were similar across brands except for variations occurring mainly in the wicks and filaments of some products. The filaments were either Elinvar (nickel, iron, and chromium) (36.4%), nichrome (36.4%), iron-chromium (18.2%), or nickel (9%). Thick wires present in 55% of the atomizers were mainly nickel and were joined to filaments by brazing. Wire-connector joints were Elinvar. Metal air tubes were made of Elinvar (50%), nickel, zinc, copper, and tin (37.5%), and nickel and copper (12.5%). Most of the wick components were silica, except for two pods (PHIX and Mico), which were mainly ceramic. Connectors contained gold-plated nickel, iron-chromium multiple alloys of nickel, zinc, gold, iron, and copper. Wick chambers were made of Elinvar. Outer casings were either nickel, copper-tin, or nickel-copper alloys. Magnets were nickel with minor iron, copper, and sulfur. Some frequently occurring elements were high in relative abundance in atomizer components.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The atomizers of pods are similar to previous generations, with the introduction of ceramic wicks and magnets in the newer generations. The elements in EC atomizers may transfer into aerosols and adversely affect health and accumulate in the environment.Esther E OmaiyeMonique WilliamsKrassimir N BozhilovPrue TalbotPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 3, p e0248127 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Esther E Omaiye Monique Williams Krassimir N Bozhilov Prue Talbot Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.
description	<h4>Background</h4>The atomizers of electronic cigarettes (ECs) contain metals that transfer to the aerosol upon heating and may present health hazards. This study analyzed 4th-generation EC pod atomizer design features and characterized their elemental/metal composition.<h4>Methods</h4>Eleven EC pods from six brands/manufacturers were purchased at local shops and online. Pods were dissected and imaged using a Canon EOS Rebel SL2 camera. Elemental analysis and mapping of atomizer components was done using a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer.<h4>Results</h4>EC pods varied in size and design. The internal atomizer components were similar across brands except for variations occurring mainly in the wicks and filaments of some products. The filaments were either Elinvar (nickel, iron, and chromium) (36.4%), nichrome (36.4%), iron-chromium (18.2%), or nickel (9%). Thick wires present in 55% of the atomizers were mainly nickel and were joined to filaments by brazing. Wire-connector joints were Elinvar. Metal air tubes were made of Elinvar (50%), nickel, zinc, copper, and tin (37.5%), and nickel and copper (12.5%). Most of the wick components were silica, except for two pods (PHIX and Mico), which were mainly ceramic. Connectors contained gold-plated nickel, iron-chromium multiple alloys of nickel, zinc, gold, iron, and copper. Wick chambers were made of Elinvar. Outer casings were either nickel, copper-tin, or nickel-copper alloys. Magnets were nickel with minor iron, copper, and sulfur. Some frequently occurring elements were high in relative abundance in atomizer components.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The atomizers of pods are similar to previous generations, with the introduction of ceramic wicks and magnets in the newer generations. The elements in EC atomizers may transfer into aerosols and adversely affect health and accumulate in the environment.
format	article
author	Esther E Omaiye Monique Williams Krassimir N Bozhilov Prue Talbot
author_facet	Esther E Omaiye Monique Williams Krassimir N Bozhilov Prue Talbot
author_sort	Esther E Omaiye
title	Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.
title_short	Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.
title_full	Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.
title_fullStr	Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.
title_full_unstemmed	Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.
title_sort	design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9bccd373445545ca9d9be96f3ad31212
work_keys_str_mv	AT esthereomaiye designfeaturesandelementalmetalanalysisoftheatomizersinpodstyleelectroniccigarettes AT moniquewilliams designfeaturesandelementalmetalanalysisoftheatomizersinpodstyleelectroniccigarettes AT krassimirnbozhilov designfeaturesandelementalmetalanalysisoftheatomizersinpodstyleelectroniccigarettes AT pruetalbot designfeaturesandelementalmetalanalysisoftheatomizersinpodstyleelectroniccigarettes
_version_	1718375440565927936

Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.

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