Mortality Levels and Production Indicators for Suspicion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Commercially Farmed Ducks

(1) Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a viral infection characterized by inducing severe disease and high levels of mortality in gallinaceous poultry. Increased mortality, drop in egg production or decreased feed or water intake are used as indicators for notification of suspic...

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Autores principales:	Armin R. W. Elbers, José L. Gonzales
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	breeder and broiler ducks HPAI reporting thresholds early detection Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9bdaa16e30454a6c852064656333c55e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9bdaa16e30454a6c852064656333c55e2021-11-25T18:38:44ZMortality Levels and Production Indicators for Suspicion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Commercially Farmed Ducks10.3390/pathogens101114982076-0817https://doaj.org/article/9bdaa16e30454a6c852064656333c55e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/11/1498https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817(1) Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a viral infection characterized by inducing severe disease and high levels of mortality in gallinaceous poultry. Increased mortality, drop in egg production or decreased feed or water intake are used as indicators for notification of suspicions of HPAI outbreaks. However, infections in commercial duck flocks may result in mild disease with low mortality levels, thereby compromising notifications. (2) Methods: Data on daily mortality, egg production, feed intake and water intake from broiler and breeder duck flocks not infected (<i>n</i> = 56 and <i>n</i> = 11, respectively) and infected with HPAIV (<i>n</i> = 13, <i>n</i> = 4) were used for analyses. Data from negative flocks were used to assess the baseline (daily) levels of mortality and production parameters and to identify potential threshold values for triggering suspicions of HPAI infections and assess the specificity (Sp) of these thresholds. Data from infected flocks were used to assess the effect of infection on daily mortality and production and to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) of the thresholds for early detection of outbreaks. (3) Results: For broiler flocks, daily mortality > 0.3% (after the first week of production) or using a regression model for aberration detection would indicate infection with Se and Sp higher than 80%. Drops in mean daily feed or water intake larger than 7 g or 14 mL (after the first week of production), respectively, are sensitive indicators of infection but have poor Sp. For breeders, mortality thresholds are poor indicators of infection (low Se and Sp). However, a consecutive drop in egg production larger than 9% is an effective indicator of a HPAI outbreak. For both broiler and breeder duck flocks, cumulative average methods were also assessed, which had high Se but generated many false alarms (poor Sp). (4) Conclusions: The identified reporting thresholds can be used to update legislation and provide guidelines to farmers and veterinarians to notify suspicions of HPAI outbreaks in commercial duck flocks.Armin R. W. ElbersJosé L. GonzalesMDPI AGarticlebreeder and broiler ducksHPAIreporting thresholdsearly detectionMedicineRENPathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1498, p 1498 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	breeder and broiler ducks HPAI reporting thresholds early detection Medicine R
spellingShingle	breeder and broiler ducks HPAI reporting thresholds early detection Medicine R Armin R. W. Elbers José L. Gonzales Mortality Levels and Production Indicators for Suspicion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Commercially Farmed Ducks
description	(1) Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a viral infection characterized by inducing severe disease and high levels of mortality in gallinaceous poultry. Increased mortality, drop in egg production or decreased feed or water intake are used as indicators for notification of suspicions of HPAI outbreaks. However, infections in commercial duck flocks may result in mild disease with low mortality levels, thereby compromising notifications. (2) Methods: Data on daily mortality, egg production, feed intake and water intake from broiler and breeder duck flocks not infected (<i>n</i> = 56 and <i>n</i> = 11, respectively) and infected with HPAIV (<i>n</i> = 13, <i>n</i> = 4) were used for analyses. Data from negative flocks were used to assess the baseline (daily) levels of mortality and production parameters and to identify potential threshold values for triggering suspicions of HPAI infections and assess the specificity (Sp) of these thresholds. Data from infected flocks were used to assess the effect of infection on daily mortality and production and to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) of the thresholds for early detection of outbreaks. (3) Results: For broiler flocks, daily mortality > 0.3% (after the first week of production) or using a regression model for aberration detection would indicate infection with Se and Sp higher than 80%. Drops in mean daily feed or water intake larger than 7 g or 14 mL (after the first week of production), respectively, are sensitive indicators of infection but have poor Sp. For breeders, mortality thresholds are poor indicators of infection (low Se and Sp). However, a consecutive drop in egg production larger than 9% is an effective indicator of a HPAI outbreak. For both broiler and breeder duck flocks, cumulative average methods were also assessed, which had high Se but generated many false alarms (poor Sp). (4) Conclusions: The identified reporting thresholds can be used to update legislation and provide guidelines to farmers and veterinarians to notify suspicions of HPAI outbreaks in commercial duck flocks.
format	article
author	Armin R. W. Elbers José L. Gonzales
author_facet	Armin R. W. Elbers José L. Gonzales
author_sort	Armin R. W. Elbers
title	Mortality Levels and Production Indicators for Suspicion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Commercially Farmed Ducks
title_short	Mortality Levels and Production Indicators for Suspicion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Commercially Farmed Ducks
title_full	Mortality Levels and Production Indicators for Suspicion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Commercially Farmed Ducks
title_fullStr	Mortality Levels and Production Indicators for Suspicion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Commercially Farmed Ducks
title_full_unstemmed	Mortality Levels and Production Indicators for Suspicion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Commercially Farmed Ducks
title_sort	mortality levels and production indicators for suspicion of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in commercially farmed ducks
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9bdaa16e30454a6c852064656333c55e
work_keys_str_mv	AT arminrwelbers mortalitylevelsandproductionindicatorsforsuspicionofhighlypathogenicavianinfluenzavirusinfectionincommerciallyfarmedducks AT joselgonzales mortalitylevelsandproductionindicatorsforsuspicionofhighlypathogenicavianinfluenzavirusinfectionincommerciallyfarmedducks
_version_	1718410852187504640

Mortality Levels and Production Indicators for Suspicion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Commercially Farmed Ducks

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