High Levels of Tetrodotoxin in the Flesh, Usually an Edible Part of the Pufferfish Takifugu flavipterus, Caused by Migration from the Skin and the Regional Characteristics of Toxin Accumulation

The consumption of a pufferfish, Takifugu flavipterus or komonfugu in Japanese, formerly known as Takifugu poecilonotus, is popular in Japan. However, T. flavipterus is frequently involved in cases of tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning in Japan. Alt...

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Autores principales:	Naomasa Oshiro, Kyoko Kuniyoshi, Shigeyoshi Yamamoto, Ayano Hotta, Takuma Yamada, Takafumi Suzuki, Noriko Sugita, Keiichi Matsuura, Akie Nakashima, Yoichi Anzai, Hiroshi Asakura
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Takifugu flavipterus Takifugu poecilonotus tetrodotoxin LC–MS/MS Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9c5df747f5584d1baccf0d03b07d91b7
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9c5df747f5584d1baccf0d03b07d91b72021-11-25T18:05:22ZHigh Levels of Tetrodotoxin in the Flesh, Usually an Edible Part of the Pufferfish <i>Takifugu flavipterus</i>, Caused by Migration from the Skin and the Regional Characteristics of Toxin Accumulation10.3390/jmse91113122077-1312https://doaj.org/article/9c5df747f5584d1baccf0d03b07d91b72021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1312https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1312The consumption of a pufferfish, <i>Takifugu flavipterus</i> or komonfugu in Japanese, formerly known as <i>Takifugu poecilonotus</i>, is popular in Japan. However, <i>T. flavipterus</i> is frequently involved in cases of tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning in Japan. Although victims have usually consumed inedible parts, some cases are related to consumption of flesh. To improve the risk management of pufferfish poisoning, we studied TTX level in the flesh and skin of <i>T. flavipterus</i>. Ninety-seven specimens obtained from the Seto Inland Sea and landed in Fukuoka Prefecture were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The flesh from six specimens was toxic (>10 MU/g = 2.2 mg/kg): one was in poor condition (not freeze–thawed); three were freeze–thawed before sample preparation; and two freshly prepared and in good condition (not freeze–thawed). The fillets were divided into outer and inner portions; the TTX levels in the outer portions were notably higher. The skin of the six specimens was moderately to extremely toxic: 165 MU/g (36.3 mg/kg) in the fresh specimen not in good condition, 600–950 MU/g (132–200 mg/kg) in freeze–thawed specimens, and 4500 and 6000 MU/g (990 and 1320 mg/kg) in the two fresh specimens. We concluded that TTX in the flesh migrated from the highly toxic skin. In addition, TTX levels in the skin appeared to be regionally specific. We recommend that toxic portions of <i>T. flavipterus</i> are removed as soon as possible after individuals are caught, and that fish from known highly toxic areas are not consumed.Naomasa OshiroKyoko KuniyoshiShigeyoshi YamamotoAyano HottaTakuma YamadaTakafumi SuzukiNoriko SugitaKeiichi MatsuuraAkie NakashimaYoichi AnzaiHiroshi AsakuraMDPI AGarticleTakifugu flavipterusTakifugu poecilonotustetrodotoxinLC–MS/MSNaval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineeringVM1-989OceanographyGC1-1581ENJournal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol 9, Iss 1312, p 1312 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Takifugu flavipterus Takifugu poecilonotus tetrodotoxin LC–MS/MS Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
spellingShingle	Takifugu flavipterus Takifugu poecilonotus tetrodotoxin LC–MS/MS Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581 Naomasa Oshiro Kyoko Kuniyoshi Shigeyoshi Yamamoto Ayano Hotta Takuma Yamada Takafumi Suzuki Noriko Sugita Keiichi Matsuura Akie Nakashima Yoichi Anzai Hiroshi Asakura High Levels of Tetrodotoxin in the Flesh, Usually an Edible Part of the Pufferfish <i>Takifugu flavipterus</i>, Caused by Migration from the Skin and the Regional Characteristics of Toxin Accumulation
description	The consumption of a pufferfish, <i>Takifugu flavipterus</i> or komonfugu in Japanese, formerly known as <i>Takifugu poecilonotus</i>, is popular in Japan. However, <i>T. flavipterus</i> is frequently involved in cases of tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning in Japan. Although victims have usually consumed inedible parts, some cases are related to consumption of flesh. To improve the risk management of pufferfish poisoning, we studied TTX level in the flesh and skin of <i>T. flavipterus</i>. Ninety-seven specimens obtained from the Seto Inland Sea and landed in Fukuoka Prefecture were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The flesh from six specimens was toxic (>10 MU/g = 2.2 mg/kg): one was in poor condition (not freeze–thawed); three were freeze–thawed before sample preparation; and two freshly prepared and in good condition (not freeze–thawed). The fillets were divided into outer and inner portions; the TTX levels in the outer portions were notably higher. The skin of the six specimens was moderately to extremely toxic: 165 MU/g (36.3 mg/kg) in the fresh specimen not in good condition, 600–950 MU/g (132–200 mg/kg) in freeze–thawed specimens, and 4500 and 6000 MU/g (990 and 1320 mg/kg) in the two fresh specimens. We concluded that TTX in the flesh migrated from the highly toxic skin. In addition, TTX levels in the skin appeared to be regionally specific. We recommend that toxic portions of <i>T. flavipterus</i> are removed as soon as possible after individuals are caught, and that fish from known highly toxic areas are not consumed.
format	article
author	Naomasa Oshiro Kyoko Kuniyoshi Shigeyoshi Yamamoto Ayano Hotta Takuma Yamada Takafumi Suzuki Noriko Sugita Keiichi Matsuura Akie Nakashima Yoichi Anzai Hiroshi Asakura
author_facet	Naomasa Oshiro Kyoko Kuniyoshi Shigeyoshi Yamamoto Ayano Hotta Takuma Yamada Takafumi Suzuki Noriko Sugita Keiichi Matsuura Akie Nakashima Yoichi Anzai Hiroshi Asakura
author_sort	Naomasa Oshiro
title	High Levels of Tetrodotoxin in the Flesh, Usually an Edible Part of the Pufferfish <i>Takifugu flavipterus</i>, Caused by Migration from the Skin and the Regional Characteristics of Toxin Accumulation
title_short	High Levels of Tetrodotoxin in the Flesh, Usually an Edible Part of the Pufferfish <i>Takifugu flavipterus</i>, Caused by Migration from the Skin and the Regional Characteristics of Toxin Accumulation
title_full	High Levels of Tetrodotoxin in the Flesh, Usually an Edible Part of the Pufferfish <i>Takifugu flavipterus</i>, Caused by Migration from the Skin and the Regional Characteristics of Toxin Accumulation
title_fullStr	High Levels of Tetrodotoxin in the Flesh, Usually an Edible Part of the Pufferfish <i>Takifugu flavipterus</i>, Caused by Migration from the Skin and the Regional Characteristics of Toxin Accumulation
title_full_unstemmed	High Levels of Tetrodotoxin in the Flesh, Usually an Edible Part of the Pufferfish <i>Takifugu flavipterus</i>, Caused by Migration from the Skin and the Regional Characteristics of Toxin Accumulation
title_sort	high levels of tetrodotoxin in the flesh, usually an edible part of the pufferfish <i>takifugu flavipterus</i>, caused by migration from the skin and the regional characteristics of toxin accumulation
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9c5df747f5584d1baccf0d03b07d91b7
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High Levels of Tetrodotoxin in the Flesh, Usually an Edible Part of the Pufferfish <i>Takifugu flavipterus</i>, Caused by Migration from the Skin and the Regional Characteristics of Toxin Accumulation

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