Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms.

Adelgidae are a sister group of Aphididae and Phylloxeridae within Hemiptera, Aphidoidea and occur exclusively on Pinaceae. The piercing-sucking mouthparts of Adelgidae are similar to those of aphids and it is believed that adelgids ingest sap from both the non-vascular and vascular (phloem) tissues...

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Autores principales:	Katarzyna Dancewicz, Beata Gabryś, Iwona Morkunas, Sławomir Samardakiewicz
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9c720da5a97c416f9be4d4a4ed2ce41b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9c720da5a97c416f9be4d4a4ed2ce41b2021-11-25T06:19:09ZProbing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0251663https://doaj.org/article/9c720da5a97c416f9be4d4a4ed2ce41b2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251663https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Adelgidae are a sister group of Aphididae and Phylloxeridae within Hemiptera, Aphidoidea and occur exclusively on Pinaceae. The piercing-sucking mouthparts of Adelgidae are similar to those of aphids and it is believed that adelgids ingest sap from both the non-vascular and vascular (phloem) tissues. The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the adelgid stylet activities during their penetration in plant tissues. The probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on European larch Larix decidua Mill. and sucrose diets was monitored using the DC-EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph technique = electropenetrography). The EPG waveforms were described based on amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the observed traces, and associated with putative behavioral activities based on analogy with aphid activities. Waveform frequency, duration, and sequence were analysed as well. A. laricis generated EPG signals at two clearly distinct voltage levels positive and negative, suggesting extracellular and intracellular stylet penetration, respectively. The adelgid EPG patterns were ascribed to four behavioral phases, which were non-probing, pathway, phloem, and xylem phases. Non-probing referred to the position of the stylets outside the plant tissues. Pathway phase was represented by three waveform patterns that visualized extracellular stylet penetration in non-vascular tissues without potential drops (AC1), with serial short (1.2-1.5 s) potential drops (AC2), and with 'aphid-like' (5-10 s) potential drops (AC3). Phloem phase comprised three waveform patterns at intracellular level, which in all probability represented phloem salivation (AE1), and phloem sap passive (AE2) and active ingestion (AE3). AE3 was a newly described waveform, previously unreported from Hemiptera. Waveform AG represented the ingestion of xylem sap. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the gymnosperm-associated adelgids show certain similarities in probing behavior typical of aphids and phylloxerids on angiosperm plants. The present work is the first detailed analysis of specific adelgid stylet activities on gymnosperms.Katarzyna DancewiczBeata GabryśIwona MorkunasSławomir SamardakiewiczPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 5, p e0251663 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Katarzyna Dancewicz Beata Gabryś Iwona Morkunas Sławomir Samardakiewicz Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms.
description	Adelgidae are a sister group of Aphididae and Phylloxeridae within Hemiptera, Aphidoidea and occur exclusively on Pinaceae. The piercing-sucking mouthparts of Adelgidae are similar to those of aphids and it is believed that adelgids ingest sap from both the non-vascular and vascular (phloem) tissues. The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the adelgid stylet activities during their penetration in plant tissues. The probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on European larch Larix decidua Mill. and sucrose diets was monitored using the DC-EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph technique = electropenetrography). The EPG waveforms were described based on amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the observed traces, and associated with putative behavioral activities based on analogy with aphid activities. Waveform frequency, duration, and sequence were analysed as well. A. laricis generated EPG signals at two clearly distinct voltage levels positive and negative, suggesting extracellular and intracellular stylet penetration, respectively. The adelgid EPG patterns were ascribed to four behavioral phases, which were non-probing, pathway, phloem, and xylem phases. Non-probing referred to the position of the stylets outside the plant tissues. Pathway phase was represented by three waveform patterns that visualized extracellular stylet penetration in non-vascular tissues without potential drops (AC1), with serial short (1.2-1.5 s) potential drops (AC2), and with 'aphid-like' (5-10 s) potential drops (AC3). Phloem phase comprised three waveform patterns at intracellular level, which in all probability represented phloem salivation (AE1), and phloem sap passive (AE2) and active ingestion (AE3). AE3 was a newly described waveform, previously unreported from Hemiptera. Waveform AG represented the ingestion of xylem sap. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the gymnosperm-associated adelgids show certain similarities in probing behavior typical of aphids and phylloxerids on angiosperm plants. The present work is the first detailed analysis of specific adelgid stylet activities on gymnosperms.
format	article
author	Katarzyna Dancewicz Beata Gabryś Iwona Morkunas Sławomir Samardakiewicz
author_facet	Katarzyna Dancewicz Beata Gabryś Iwona Morkunas Sławomir Samardakiewicz
author_sort	Katarzyna Dancewicz
title	Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms.
title_short	Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms.
title_full	Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms.
title_fullStr	Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms.
title_full_unstemmed	Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms.
title_sort	probing behavior of adelges laricis vallot (hemiptera: adelgidae) on larix decidua mill: description and analysis of epg waveforms.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9c720da5a97c416f9be4d4a4ed2ce41b
work_keys_str_mv	AT katarzynadancewicz probingbehaviorofadelgeslaricisvallothemipteraadelgidaeonlarixdeciduamilldescriptionandanalysisofepgwaveforms AT beatagabrys probingbehaviorofadelgeslaricisvallothemipteraadelgidaeonlarixdeciduamilldescriptionandanalysisofepgwaveforms AT iwonamorkunas probingbehaviorofadelgeslaricisvallothemipteraadelgidaeonlarixdeciduamilldescriptionandanalysisofepgwaveforms AT sławomirsamardakiewicz probingbehaviorofadelgeslaricisvallothemipteraadelgidaeonlarixdeciduamilldescriptionandanalysisofepgwaveforms
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Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms.

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