Analysis of Symptomology, Infectiveness, and Reinfections between Male and Female COVID-19 Patients: Evidence from Japanese Registry Data

Background: Hokkaido was the first Japanese prefecture to be affected by COVID-19. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the Japanese government has been publishing the information of each individual who was tested positive for the virus. Method: The current study analyzed the 1269 SARS-CoV-2 cases c...

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Autores principales:	Meng-Hao Li, Abu Bakkar Siddique, Ali Andalibi, Naoru Koizumi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	SAR-COV2 COVID-19 viral transmission networks severity factor asymptomatic carriers Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9c738f8dd0b64268bf8e771f1a2aaed0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9c738f8dd0b64268bf8e771f1a2aaed02021-11-25T16:45:54ZAnalysis of Symptomology, Infectiveness, and Reinfections between Male and Female COVID-19 Patients: Evidence from Japanese Registry Data10.3390/atmos121115282073-4433https://doaj.org/article/9c738f8dd0b64268bf8e771f1a2aaed02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1528https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433Background: Hokkaido was the first Japanese prefecture to be affected by COVID-19. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the Japanese government has been publishing the information of each individual who was tested positive for the virus. Method: The current study analyzed the 1269 SARS-CoV-2 cases confirmed in Hokkaido in order to examine sex-based differences in symptomology and infectiveness, as well as the status of reinfections and the viral transmission networks. Results: The majority of asymptomatic patients were females and older. Females were 1.3-fold more likely to be asymptomatic (<i>p</i> < 0.001) while a decade of difference in age increased the likelihood of being asymptomatic by 1% (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The data contained information up to quaternary viral transmission. The transmission network revealed that, although asymptomatic patients are more likely to transmit the virus, the individuals infected by asymptomatic cases are likely to be asymptomatic (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Four distinct co-occurrences of symptoms were observed, including (i) fever/fatigue, (ii) pharyngitis/rhinitis, (iii) ageusia/anosmia, and (iv) nausea/vomiting/diarrhea. The presences of diarrhea (<i>p</i> = 0.05) as well as nausea/vomiting (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were predictive of developing dyspnea, i.e., severe disease. About 1% of the patients experienced reinfection. Conclusions: Sex and symptomatology appear to play important roles in determining the levels of viral transmission as well as disease severity.Meng-Hao LiAbu Bakkar SiddiqueAli AndalibiNaoru KoizumiMDPI AGarticleSAR-COV2COVID-19viral transmission networksseverity factorasymptomatic carriersMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1528, p 1528 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	SAR-COV2 COVID-19 viral transmission networks severity factor asymptomatic carriers Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	SAR-COV2 COVID-19 viral transmission networks severity factor asymptomatic carriers Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Meng-Hao Li Abu Bakkar Siddique Ali Andalibi Naoru Koizumi Analysis of Symptomology, Infectiveness, and Reinfections between Male and Female COVID-19 Patients: Evidence from Japanese Registry Data
description	Background: Hokkaido was the first Japanese prefecture to be affected by COVID-19. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the Japanese government has been publishing the information of each individual who was tested positive for the virus. Method: The current study analyzed the 1269 SARS-CoV-2 cases confirmed in Hokkaido in order to examine sex-based differences in symptomology and infectiveness, as well as the status of reinfections and the viral transmission networks. Results: The majority of asymptomatic patients were females and older. Females were 1.3-fold more likely to be asymptomatic (<i>p</i> < 0.001) while a decade of difference in age increased the likelihood of being asymptomatic by 1% (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The data contained information up to quaternary viral transmission. The transmission network revealed that, although asymptomatic patients are more likely to transmit the virus, the individuals infected by asymptomatic cases are likely to be asymptomatic (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Four distinct co-occurrences of symptoms were observed, including (i) fever/fatigue, (ii) pharyngitis/rhinitis, (iii) ageusia/anosmia, and (iv) nausea/vomiting/diarrhea. The presences of diarrhea (<i>p</i> = 0.05) as well as nausea/vomiting (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were predictive of developing dyspnea, i.e., severe disease. About 1% of the patients experienced reinfection. Conclusions: Sex and symptomatology appear to play important roles in determining the levels of viral transmission as well as disease severity.
format	article
author	Meng-Hao Li Abu Bakkar Siddique Ali Andalibi Naoru Koizumi
author_facet	Meng-Hao Li Abu Bakkar Siddique Ali Andalibi Naoru Koizumi
author_sort	Meng-Hao Li
title	Analysis of Symptomology, Infectiveness, and Reinfections between Male and Female COVID-19 Patients: Evidence from Japanese Registry Data
title_short	Analysis of Symptomology, Infectiveness, and Reinfections between Male and Female COVID-19 Patients: Evidence from Japanese Registry Data
title_full	Analysis of Symptomology, Infectiveness, and Reinfections between Male and Female COVID-19 Patients: Evidence from Japanese Registry Data
title_fullStr	Analysis of Symptomology, Infectiveness, and Reinfections between Male and Female COVID-19 Patients: Evidence from Japanese Registry Data
title_full_unstemmed	Analysis of Symptomology, Infectiveness, and Reinfections between Male and Female COVID-19 Patients: Evidence from Japanese Registry Data
title_sort	analysis of symptomology, infectiveness, and reinfections between male and female covid-19 patients: evidence from japanese registry data
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9c738f8dd0b64268bf8e771f1a2aaed0
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Analysis of Symptomology, Infectiveness, and Reinfections between Male and Female COVID-19 Patients: Evidence from Japanese Registry Data

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