Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Due to many adverse effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the mother and fetus, its diagnosis is crucial. The presence of GDM can be confirmed by an abnormal fasting plasma glucose level (aFPG) and/or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed mostly between 24 and 28 gestational week....

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Autores principales:	Beata A. Raczkowska, Patrycja Mojsak, David Rojo, Beata Telejko, Magdalena Paczkowska–Abdulsalam, Justyna Hryniewicka, Anna Zielinska–Maciulewska, Malgorzata Szelachowska, Maria Gorska, Coral Barbas, Adam Kretowski, Michal Ciborowski
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	gestational diabetes mellitus biomarkers metabolomics serum quantitative analysis gas chromatography Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9c885234089a4233a3b4fdf3210e662f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9c885234089a4233a3b4fdf3210e662f2021-11-19T07:18:01ZGas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus1663-981210.3389/fphar.2021.770240https://doaj.org/article/9c885234089a4233a3b4fdf3210e662f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.770240/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1663-9812Due to many adverse effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the mother and fetus, its diagnosis is crucial. The presence of GDM can be confirmed by an abnormal fasting plasma glucose level (aFPG) and/or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed mostly between 24 and 28 gestational week. Both aFPG and abnormal glucose tolerance (aGT) are used to diagnose GDM. In comparison to measurement of FPG, OGTT is time-consuming, usually inconvenient for the patient, and very often needs to be repeated. Therefore, it is necessary to seek tests that will be helpful and convenient to diagnose GDM. For this reason, we investigated the differences in fasting serum metabolites between GDM women with abnGM and normal FPG (aGT-GDM group), with aFPG and normal glucose metabolism (aFPG-GDM group) as well as pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) being a control group. Serum metabolites were measured by an untargeted approach using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In the discovery phase, fasting serum samples collected from 79 pregnant women (aFPG-GDM, n = 24; aGT-GDM, n = 26; NGT, n = 29) between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation (gwk) were fingerprinted. A set of metabolites (α–hydroxybutyric acid (α–HB), β–hydroxybutyric acid (β–HB), and several fatty acids) significant in aGT-GDM vs NGT but not significant in aFPG-GDM vs NGT comparison in the discovery phase was selected for validation. These metabolites were quantified by a targeted GC–MS method in a validation cohort consisted of 163 pregnant women (aFPG-GDM, n = 51; aGT-GDM, n = 44; and NGT, n = 68). Targeted analyses were also performed on the serum collected from 92 healthy women in the first trimester (8–14 gwk) who were NGT at this time, but in the second trimester (24–28 gwk) they were diagnosed with GDM. It was found that α–HB, β–HB, and several fatty acids were associated with aGT-GDM. A combination of α–HB, β–HB, and myristic acid was found highly specific and sensitive for the diagnosis of GDM manifested by aGT-GDM (AUC = 0.828) or to select women at a risk of aGT-GDM in the first trimester (AUC = 0.791). Our findings provide new potential markers of GDM and may have implications for its early diagnosis.Beata A. RaczkowskaPatrycja MojsakDavid RojoBeata TelejkoMagdalena Paczkowska–AbdulsalamJustyna HryniewickaAnna Zielinska–MaciulewskaMalgorzata SzelachowskaMaria GorskaCoral BarbasAdam KretowskiAdam KretowskiMichal CiborowskiFrontiers Media S.A.articlegestational diabetes mellitusbiomarkersmetabolomicsserumquantitative analysisgas chromatographyTherapeutics. PharmacologyRM1-950ENFrontiers in Pharmacology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	gestational diabetes mellitus biomarkers metabolomics serum quantitative analysis gas chromatography Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
spellingShingle	gestational diabetes mellitus biomarkers metabolomics serum quantitative analysis gas chromatography Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Beata A. Raczkowska Patrycja Mojsak David Rojo Beata Telejko Magdalena Paczkowska–Abdulsalam Justyna Hryniewicka Anna Zielinska–Maciulewska Malgorzata Szelachowska Maria Gorska Coral Barbas Adam Kretowski Adam Kretowski Michal Ciborowski Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
description	Due to many adverse effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the mother and fetus, its diagnosis is crucial. The presence of GDM can be confirmed by an abnormal fasting plasma glucose level (aFPG) and/or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed mostly between 24 and 28 gestational week. Both aFPG and abnormal glucose tolerance (aGT) are used to diagnose GDM. In comparison to measurement of FPG, OGTT is time-consuming, usually inconvenient for the patient, and very often needs to be repeated. Therefore, it is necessary to seek tests that will be helpful and convenient to diagnose GDM. For this reason, we investigated the differences in fasting serum metabolites between GDM women with abnGM and normal FPG (aGT-GDM group), with aFPG and normal glucose metabolism (aFPG-GDM group) as well as pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) being a control group. Serum metabolites were measured by an untargeted approach using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In the discovery phase, fasting serum samples collected from 79 pregnant women (aFPG-GDM, n = 24; aGT-GDM, n = 26; NGT, n = 29) between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation (gwk) were fingerprinted. A set of metabolites (α–hydroxybutyric acid (α–HB), β–hydroxybutyric acid (β–HB), and several fatty acids) significant in aGT-GDM vs NGT but not significant in aFPG-GDM vs NGT comparison in the discovery phase was selected for validation. These metabolites were quantified by a targeted GC–MS method in a validation cohort consisted of 163 pregnant women (aFPG-GDM, n = 51; aGT-GDM, n = 44; and NGT, n = 68). Targeted analyses were also performed on the serum collected from 92 healthy women in the first trimester (8–14 gwk) who were NGT at this time, but in the second trimester (24–28 gwk) they were diagnosed with GDM. It was found that α–HB, β–HB, and several fatty acids were associated with aGT-GDM. A combination of α–HB, β–HB, and myristic acid was found highly specific and sensitive for the diagnosis of GDM manifested by aGT-GDM (AUC = 0.828) or to select women at a risk of aGT-GDM in the first trimester (AUC = 0.791). Our findings provide new potential markers of GDM and may have implications for its early diagnosis.
format	article
author	Beata A. Raczkowska Patrycja Mojsak David Rojo Beata Telejko Magdalena Paczkowska–Abdulsalam Justyna Hryniewicka Anna Zielinska–Maciulewska Malgorzata Szelachowska Maria Gorska Coral Barbas Adam Kretowski Adam Kretowski Michal Ciborowski
author_facet	Beata A. Raczkowska Patrycja Mojsak David Rojo Beata Telejko Magdalena Paczkowska–Abdulsalam Justyna Hryniewicka Anna Zielinska–Maciulewska Malgorzata Szelachowska Maria Gorska Coral Barbas Adam Kretowski Adam Kretowski Michal Ciborowski
author_sort	Beata A. Raczkowska
title	Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
title_short	Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
title_full	Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
title_fullStr	Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
title_full_unstemmed	Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
title_sort	gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy-based metabolomics analysis reveals potential biochemical markers for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9c885234089a4233a3b4fdf3210e662f
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Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy-Based Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

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