Sleep and Second-Language Acquisition Revisited: The Role of Sleep Spindles and Rapid Eye Movements

Kristen Thompson,1 Aaron Gibbings,1,2 James Shaw,1 Laura Ray,1 Gilles Hébert,1 Joseph De Koninck,1,3 Stuart Fogel1– 3 1School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; 2Sleep Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health at the Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada; 3University of Ottawa...

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Autores principales:	Thompson K, Gibbings A, Shaw J, Ray L, Hébert G, De Koninck J, Fogel S
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2021
Materias:	memory consolidation procedural memory declarative memory learning theta language Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9ca9ad6ddfd745aba1063fbc55b5f54f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9ca9ad6ddfd745aba1063fbc55b5f54f2021-12-02T19:06:31ZSleep and Second-Language Acquisition Revisited: The Role of Sleep Spindles and Rapid Eye Movements1179-1608https://doaj.org/article/9ca9ad6ddfd745aba1063fbc55b5f54f2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/sleep-and-second-language-acquisition-revisited-the-role-of-sleep-spin-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NSShttps://doaj.org/toc/1179-1608Kristen Thompson,1 Aaron Gibbings,1,2 James Shaw,1 Laura Ray,1 Gilles Hébert,1 Joseph De Koninck,1,3 Stuart Fogel1– 3 1School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; 2Sleep Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health at the Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada; 3University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CanadaCorrespondence: Stuart FogelSchool of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CanadaEmail sfogel@uottawa.caIntroduction: Second-language learning (SLL) depends on distinct functional-neuroanatomical systems including procedural and declarative long-term memory. Characteristic features of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep such as rapid eye movements and sleep spindles are electrophysiological markers of cognitively complex procedural and declarative memory consolidation, respectively. In adults, grammatical learning depends at first on declarative memory (“early SLL”) then shifts to procedural memory with experience (“late SLL”). However, it is unknown if the shift from declarative to procedural memory in early vs late SLL is supported by sleep. Here, we hypothesized that increases in sleep spindle characteristics would be associated with early SLL, whereas increases in REM activity (eg, density and EEG theta-band activity time-locked to rapid eye movements) would be associated with late SLL.Methods: Eight Anglophone (English first language) participants completed four polysomnographic recordings throughout an intensive 6-week French immersion course. Sleep spindle data and electroencephalographic spectral power time-locked to rapid eye movements were extracted from parietal temporal electrodes.Results: As predicted, improvements in French proficiency were associated with changes in spindles during early SLL. Furthermore, we observed increased event-related theta power time-locked to rapid eye movements during late SLL compared with early SLL. The increases in theta power were significantly correlated with improvements in French proficiency.Discussion: This supports the notion that sleep spindles are involved in early SLL when grammar depends on declarative memory, whereas cortical theta activity time-locked to rapid eye movements is involved in late SLL when grammar depends on procedural memory.Keywords: memory consolidation, procedural memory, declarative memory, learning, theta, languageThompson KGibbings AShaw JRay LHébert GDe Koninck JFogel SDove Medical Pressarticlememory consolidationprocedural memorydeclarative memorylearningthetalanguagePsychiatryRC435-571Neurophysiology and neuropsychologyQP351-495ENNature and Science of Sleep, Vol Volume 13, Pp 1887-1902 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	memory consolidation procedural memory declarative memory learning theta language Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495
spellingShingle	memory consolidation procedural memory declarative memory learning theta language Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495 Thompson K Gibbings A Shaw J Ray L Hébert G De Koninck J Fogel S Sleep and Second-Language Acquisition Revisited: The Role of Sleep Spindles and Rapid Eye Movements
description	Kristen Thompson,1 Aaron Gibbings,1,2 James Shaw,1 Laura Ray,1 Gilles Hébert,1 Joseph De Koninck,1,3 Stuart Fogel1– 3 1School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; 2Sleep Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health at the Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada; 3University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CanadaCorrespondence: Stuart FogelSchool of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CanadaEmail sfogel@uottawa.caIntroduction: Second-language learning (SLL) depends on distinct functional-neuroanatomical systems including procedural and declarative long-term memory. Characteristic features of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep such as rapid eye movements and sleep spindles are electrophysiological markers of cognitively complex procedural and declarative memory consolidation, respectively. In adults, grammatical learning depends at first on declarative memory (“early SLL”) then shifts to procedural memory with experience (“late SLL”). However, it is unknown if the shift from declarative to procedural memory in early vs late SLL is supported by sleep. Here, we hypothesized that increases in sleep spindle characteristics would be associated with early SLL, whereas increases in REM activity (eg, density and EEG theta-band activity time-locked to rapid eye movements) would be associated with late SLL.Methods: Eight Anglophone (English first language) participants completed four polysomnographic recordings throughout an intensive 6-week French immersion course. Sleep spindle data and electroencephalographic spectral power time-locked to rapid eye movements were extracted from parietal temporal electrodes.Results: As predicted, improvements in French proficiency were associated with changes in spindles during early SLL. Furthermore, we observed increased event-related theta power time-locked to rapid eye movements during late SLL compared with early SLL. The increases in theta power were significantly correlated with improvements in French proficiency.Discussion: This supports the notion that sleep spindles are involved in early SLL when grammar depends on declarative memory, whereas cortical theta activity time-locked to rapid eye movements is involved in late SLL when grammar depends on procedural memory.Keywords: memory consolidation, procedural memory, declarative memory, learning, theta, language
format	article
author	Thompson K Gibbings A Shaw J Ray L Hébert G De Koninck J Fogel S
author_facet	Thompson K Gibbings A Shaw J Ray L Hébert G De Koninck J Fogel S
author_sort	Thompson K
title	Sleep and Second-Language Acquisition Revisited: The Role of Sleep Spindles and Rapid Eye Movements
title_short	Sleep and Second-Language Acquisition Revisited: The Role of Sleep Spindles and Rapid Eye Movements
title_full	Sleep and Second-Language Acquisition Revisited: The Role of Sleep Spindles and Rapid Eye Movements
title_fullStr	Sleep and Second-Language Acquisition Revisited: The Role of Sleep Spindles and Rapid Eye Movements
title_full_unstemmed	Sleep and Second-Language Acquisition Revisited: The Role of Sleep Spindles and Rapid Eye Movements
title_sort	sleep and second-language acquisition revisited: the role of sleep spindles and rapid eye movements
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9ca9ad6ddfd745aba1063fbc55b5f54f
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Sleep and Second-Language Acquisition Revisited: The Role of Sleep Spindles and Rapid Eye Movements

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