Assessment of Brain Functional Activity Using a Miniaturized Head-Mounted Scanning Photoacoustic Imaging System in Awake and Freely Moving Rats

Understanding the relationship between brain function and natural behavior remains a significant challenge in neuroscience because there are very few convincing imaging/recording tools available for the evaluation of awake and freely moving animals. Here, we employed a miniaturized head-mounted scan...

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Autores principales:	Yuhling Wang, Tsung-Sheng Chu, Yan-Ren Lin, Chia-Hui Tsao, Chia-Hua Tsai, Tzong-Rong Ger, Li-Tzong Chen, Wun-Shaing Wayne Chang, Lun-De Liao
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	freely moving animals in vivo imaging photoacoustic (PA) fiber-bundle-based illumination hemoglobin oxygen saturation Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9cc8bfe31c634a029866b98a6c7b61d3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9cc8bfe31c634a029866b98a6c7b61d32021-11-25T16:55:10ZAssessment of Brain Functional Activity Using a Miniaturized Head-Mounted Scanning Photoacoustic Imaging System in Awake and Freely Moving Rats10.3390/bios111104292079-6374https://doaj.org/article/9cc8bfe31c634a029866b98a6c7b61d32021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/11/429https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6374Understanding the relationship between brain function and natural behavior remains a significant challenge in neuroscience because there are very few convincing imaging/recording tools available for the evaluation of awake and freely moving animals. Here, we employed a miniaturized head-mounted scanning photoacoustic imaging (hmPAI) system to image real-time cortical dynamics. A compact photoacoustic (PA) probe based on four in-house optical fiber pads and a single custom-made 48-MHz focused ultrasound transducer was designed to enable focused dark-field PA imaging, and miniature linear motors were included to enable two-dimensional (2D) scanning. The total dimensions and weight of the proposed hmPAI system are only approximately 50 × 64 × 48 mm and 58.7 g (excluding cables). Our ex vivo phantom experimental tests revealed that a spatial resolution of approximately 0.225 mm could be achieved at a depth of 9 mm. Our in vivo results further revealed that the diameters of cortical vessels draining into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) could be clearly imaged and continuously observed in both anesthetized rats and awake, freely moving rats. Statistical analysis showed that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the PA A-line signals (relative to the blood vessel diameter) was significantly increased in the selected SSS-drained cortical vessels of awake rats (0.58 ± 0.17 mm) compared with those of anesthetized rats (0.31 ± 0.09 mm) (<i>p</i> < 0.01, paired <i>t</i>-test). In addition, the number of pixels in PA B-scan images (relative to the cerebral blood volume (CBV)) was also significantly increased in the selected SSS-drained blood vessels of awake rats (107.66 ± 23.02 pixels) compared with those of anesthetized rats (81.99 ± 21.52 pixels) (<i>p</i> < 0.01, paired <i>t</i>-test). This outcome may result from a more active brain in awake rats than in anesthetized rats, which caused cerebral blood vessels to transport more blood to meet the increased nutrient demand of the tissue, resulting in an obvious increase in blood vessel volume. This hmPAI system was further validated for utility in the brains of awake and freely moving rats, showing that their natural behavior was unimpaired during vascular imaging, thereby providing novel opportunities for studies of behavior, cognition, and preclinical models of brain diseases.Yuhling WangTsung-Sheng ChuYan-Ren LinChia-Hui TsaoChia-Hua TsaiTzong-Rong GerLi-Tzong ChenWun-Shaing Wayne ChangLun-De LiaoMDPI AGarticlefreely moving animalsin vivo imagingphotoacoustic (PA)fiber-bundle-based illuminationhemoglobin oxygen saturationBiotechnologyTP248.13-248.65ENBiosensors, Vol 11, Iss 429, p 429 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	freely moving animals in vivo imaging photoacoustic (PA) fiber-bundle-based illumination hemoglobin oxygen saturation Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
spellingShingle	freely moving animals in vivo imaging photoacoustic (PA) fiber-bundle-based illumination hemoglobin oxygen saturation Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65 Yuhling Wang Tsung-Sheng Chu Yan-Ren Lin Chia-Hui Tsao Chia-Hua Tsai Tzong-Rong Ger Li-Tzong Chen Wun-Shaing Wayne Chang Lun-De Liao Assessment of Brain Functional Activity Using a Miniaturized Head-Mounted Scanning Photoacoustic Imaging System in Awake and Freely Moving Rats
description	Understanding the relationship between brain function and natural behavior remains a significant challenge in neuroscience because there are very few convincing imaging/recording tools available for the evaluation of awake and freely moving animals. Here, we employed a miniaturized head-mounted scanning photoacoustic imaging (hmPAI) system to image real-time cortical dynamics. A compact photoacoustic (PA) probe based on four in-house optical fiber pads and a single custom-made 48-MHz focused ultrasound transducer was designed to enable focused dark-field PA imaging, and miniature linear motors were included to enable two-dimensional (2D) scanning. The total dimensions and weight of the proposed hmPAI system are only approximately 50 × 64 × 48 mm and 58.7 g (excluding cables). Our ex vivo phantom experimental tests revealed that a spatial resolution of approximately 0.225 mm could be achieved at a depth of 9 mm. Our in vivo results further revealed that the diameters of cortical vessels draining into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) could be clearly imaged and continuously observed in both anesthetized rats and awake, freely moving rats. Statistical analysis showed that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the PA A-line signals (relative to the blood vessel diameter) was significantly increased in the selected SSS-drained cortical vessels of awake rats (0.58 ± 0.17 mm) compared with those of anesthetized rats (0.31 ± 0.09 mm) (<i>p</i> < 0.01, paired <i>t</i>-test). In addition, the number of pixels in PA B-scan images (relative to the cerebral blood volume (CBV)) was also significantly increased in the selected SSS-drained blood vessels of awake rats (107.66 ± 23.02 pixels) compared with those of anesthetized rats (81.99 ± 21.52 pixels) (<i>p</i> < 0.01, paired <i>t</i>-test). This outcome may result from a more active brain in awake rats than in anesthetized rats, which caused cerebral blood vessels to transport more blood to meet the increased nutrient demand of the tissue, resulting in an obvious increase in blood vessel volume. This hmPAI system was further validated for utility in the brains of awake and freely moving rats, showing that their natural behavior was unimpaired during vascular imaging, thereby providing novel opportunities for studies of behavior, cognition, and preclinical models of brain diseases.
format	article
author	Yuhling Wang Tsung-Sheng Chu Yan-Ren Lin Chia-Hui Tsao Chia-Hua Tsai Tzong-Rong Ger Li-Tzong Chen Wun-Shaing Wayne Chang Lun-De Liao
author_facet	Yuhling Wang Tsung-Sheng Chu Yan-Ren Lin Chia-Hui Tsao Chia-Hua Tsai Tzong-Rong Ger Li-Tzong Chen Wun-Shaing Wayne Chang Lun-De Liao
author_sort	Yuhling Wang
title	Assessment of Brain Functional Activity Using a Miniaturized Head-Mounted Scanning Photoacoustic Imaging System in Awake and Freely Moving Rats
title_short	Assessment of Brain Functional Activity Using a Miniaturized Head-Mounted Scanning Photoacoustic Imaging System in Awake and Freely Moving Rats
title_full	Assessment of Brain Functional Activity Using a Miniaturized Head-Mounted Scanning Photoacoustic Imaging System in Awake and Freely Moving Rats
title_fullStr	Assessment of Brain Functional Activity Using a Miniaturized Head-Mounted Scanning Photoacoustic Imaging System in Awake and Freely Moving Rats
title_full_unstemmed	Assessment of Brain Functional Activity Using a Miniaturized Head-Mounted Scanning Photoacoustic Imaging System in Awake and Freely Moving Rats
title_sort	assessment of brain functional activity using a miniaturized head-mounted scanning photoacoustic imaging system in awake and freely moving rats
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9cc8bfe31c634a029866b98a6c7b61d3
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Assessment of Brain Functional Activity Using a Miniaturized Head-Mounted Scanning Photoacoustic Imaging System in Awake and Freely Moving Rats

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