Microbiota entrapped in recently-formed ice: Paradana Ice Cave, Slovenia

Abstract Paradana is one of the biggest ice caves in Slovenia, with an estimated ice volume of 8,000 m3. Reflecting climatological conditions, the cave ice undergoes repeated freeze-thaw cycles and regular yearly deposition of fresh ice. Three distinct ice block samples, collected from the frozen la...

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Autores principales:	Janez Mulec, Andreea Oarga-Mulec, Ladislav Holko, Lejla Pašić, Andreja Nataša Kopitar, Tina Eleršek, Andrej Mihevc
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9d17dce9389c47a885e4b5acf12625a6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9d17dce9389c47a885e4b5acf12625a62021-12-02T15:23:29ZMicrobiota entrapped in recently-formed ice: Paradana Ice Cave, Slovenia10.1038/s41598-021-81528-62045-2322https://doaj.org/article/9d17dce9389c47a885e4b5acf12625a62021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81528-6https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Paradana is one of the biggest ice caves in Slovenia, with an estimated ice volume of 8,000 m3. Reflecting climatological conditions, the cave ice undergoes repeated freeze-thaw cycles and regular yearly deposition of fresh ice. Three distinct ice block samples, collected from the frozen lake in May 2016, were analysed to obtain data on ice physicochemical properties and the composition of associated microbiota. Isotopic composition of the ice samples (18O, 2H) and a local meteoric water line (LMWL) constructed for monthly precipitation at Postojna were used to estimate the isotopic composition of the water that formed the ice, which had high values of deuterium excess and low concentrations of chloride, sulphate and nitrate. The values of total organic carbon (1.93–3.95 mg/l) within the ice blocks fall within the range of those measured in karst streams. Total cell count in the ice was high and the proportion of cell viability increased along the depth gradient and ranged from 4.67 × 104 to 1.52 × 105 cells/ml and from 51.0 to 85.4%, respectively. Proteobacteria represented the core of the cave-ice microbiome (55.9–79.1%), and probably play an essential role in this ecosystem. Actinobacteria was the second most abundant phylum (12.0–31.4%), followed in abundance by Bacteroidetes (2.8–4.3%). Ice phylotypes recorded amounted to 442 genera, but only 43 genera had abundances greater than 0.5%. Most abundant were Pseudomonas, a well-known ice dweller, and Lysobacter, which previously was not reported in this context. Finally, two xanthophytes, Chloridella glacialis and Ellipsoidion perminimum, known from polar environments, were cultured from the ice. This indicates that the abundance and ecological role of phototrophs in such environments might be greater than previously deduced.Janez MulecAndreea Oarga-MulecLadislav HolkoLejla PašićAndreja Nataša KopitarTina EleršekAndrej MihevcNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Janez Mulec Andreea Oarga-Mulec Ladislav Holko Lejla Pašić Andreja Nataša Kopitar Tina Eleršek Andrej Mihevc Microbiota entrapped in recently-formed ice: Paradana Ice Cave, Slovenia
description	Abstract Paradana is one of the biggest ice caves in Slovenia, with an estimated ice volume of 8,000 m3. Reflecting climatological conditions, the cave ice undergoes repeated freeze-thaw cycles and regular yearly deposition of fresh ice. Three distinct ice block samples, collected from the frozen lake in May 2016, were analysed to obtain data on ice physicochemical properties and the composition of associated microbiota. Isotopic composition of the ice samples (18O, 2H) and a local meteoric water line (LMWL) constructed for monthly precipitation at Postojna were used to estimate the isotopic composition of the water that formed the ice, which had high values of deuterium excess and low concentrations of chloride, sulphate and nitrate. The values of total organic carbon (1.93–3.95 mg/l) within the ice blocks fall within the range of those measured in karst streams. Total cell count in the ice was high and the proportion of cell viability increased along the depth gradient and ranged from 4.67 × 104 to 1.52 × 105 cells/ml and from 51.0 to 85.4%, respectively. Proteobacteria represented the core of the cave-ice microbiome (55.9–79.1%), and probably play an essential role in this ecosystem. Actinobacteria was the second most abundant phylum (12.0–31.4%), followed in abundance by Bacteroidetes (2.8–4.3%). Ice phylotypes recorded amounted to 442 genera, but only 43 genera had abundances greater than 0.5%. Most abundant were Pseudomonas, a well-known ice dweller, and Lysobacter, which previously was not reported in this context. Finally, two xanthophytes, Chloridella glacialis and Ellipsoidion perminimum, known from polar environments, were cultured from the ice. This indicates that the abundance and ecological role of phototrophs in such environments might be greater than previously deduced.
format	article
author	Janez Mulec Andreea Oarga-Mulec Ladislav Holko Lejla Pašić Andreja Nataša Kopitar Tina Eleršek Andrej Mihevc
author_facet	Janez Mulec Andreea Oarga-Mulec Ladislav Holko Lejla Pašić Andreja Nataša Kopitar Tina Eleršek Andrej Mihevc
author_sort	Janez Mulec
title	Microbiota entrapped in recently-formed ice: Paradana Ice Cave, Slovenia
title_short	Microbiota entrapped in recently-formed ice: Paradana Ice Cave, Slovenia
title_full	Microbiota entrapped in recently-formed ice: Paradana Ice Cave, Slovenia
title_fullStr	Microbiota entrapped in recently-formed ice: Paradana Ice Cave, Slovenia
title_full_unstemmed	Microbiota entrapped in recently-formed ice: Paradana Ice Cave, Slovenia
title_sort	microbiota entrapped in recently-formed ice: paradana ice cave, slovenia
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9d17dce9389c47a885e4b5acf12625a6
work_keys_str_mv	AT janezmulec microbiotaentrappedinrecentlyformediceparadanaicecaveslovenia AT andreeaoargamulec microbiotaentrappedinrecentlyformediceparadanaicecaveslovenia AT ladislavholko microbiotaentrappedinrecentlyformediceparadanaicecaveslovenia AT lejlapasic microbiotaentrappedinrecentlyformediceparadanaicecaveslovenia AT andrejanatasakopitar microbiotaentrappedinrecentlyformediceparadanaicecaveslovenia AT tinaelersek microbiotaentrappedinrecentlyformediceparadanaicecaveslovenia AT andrejmihevc microbiotaentrappedinrecentlyformediceparadanaicecaveslovenia
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Microbiota entrapped in recently-formed ice: Paradana Ice Cave, Slovenia

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