Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice

ABSTRACT Arctic regions, which are changing rapidly as they warm 2 to 3 times faster than the global average, still retain microbial habitats that serve as natural laboratories for understanding mechanisms of microbial adaptation to extreme conditions. Seawater-derived brines within both sea ice (se...

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Autores principales:	Zhi-Ping Zhong, Josephine Z. Rapp, James M. Wainaina, Natalie E. Solonenko, Heather Maughan, Shelly D. Carpenter, Zachary S. Cooper, Ho Bin Jang, Benjamin Bolduc, Jody W. Deming, Matthew B. Sullivan
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	viral communities extreme environments virus-host interaction cold and salt adaption horizontal gene transfer Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9d37cf666bdd4ac4aac9aa1544dfaf41
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9d37cf666bdd4ac4aac9aa1544dfaf412021-12-02T18:44:35ZViral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice10.1128/mSystems.00246-202379-5077https://doaj.org/article/9d37cf666bdd4ac4aac9aa1544dfaf412020-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00246-20https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5077ABSTRACT Arctic regions, which are changing rapidly as they warm 2 to 3 times faster than the global average, still retain microbial habitats that serve as natural laboratories for understanding mechanisms of microbial adaptation to extreme conditions. Seawater-derived brines within both sea ice (sea-ice brine) and ancient layers of permafrost (cryopeg brine) support diverse microbes adapted to subzero temperatures and high salinities, yet little is known about viruses in these extreme environments, which, if analogous to other systems, could play important evolutionary and ecosystem roles. Here, we characterized viral communities and their functions in samples of cryopeg brine, sea-ice brine, and melted sea ice. Viral abundance was high in cryopeg brine (1.2 × 108 ml−1) and much lower in sea-ice brine (1.3 × 105 to 2.1 × 105 ml−1), which roughly paralleled the differences in cell concentrations in these samples. Five low-input, quantitative viral metagenomes were sequenced to yield 476 viral populations (i.e., species level; ≥10 kb), only 12% of which could be assigned taxonomy by traditional database approaches, indicating a high degree of novelty. Additional analyses revealed that these viruses: (i) formed communities that differed between sample type and vertically with sea-ice depth; (ii) infected hosts that dominated these extreme ecosystems, including Marinobacter, Glaciecola, and Colwellia; and (iii) encoded fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes that likely helped their hosts overcome cold and salt stress during infection, as well as mediated horizontal gene transfer of FAD genes between microbes. Together, these findings contribute to understanding viral abundances and communities and how viruses impact their microbial hosts in subzero brines and sea ice. IMPORTANCE This study explores viral community structure and function in remote and extreme Arctic environments, including subzero brines within marine layers of permafrost and sea ice, using a modern viral ecogenomics toolkit for the first time. In addition to providing foundational data sets for these climate-threatened habitats, we found evidence that the viruses had habitat specificity, infected dominant microbial hosts, encoded host-derived metabolic genes, and mediated horizontal gene transfer among hosts. These results advance our understanding of the virosphere and how viruses influence extreme ecosystems. More broadly, the evidence that virally mediated gene transfers may be limited by host range in these extreme habitats contributes to a mechanistic understanding of genetic exchange among microbes under stressful conditions in other systems.Zhi-Ping ZhongJosephine Z. RappJames M. WainainaNatalie E. SolonenkoHeather MaughanShelly D. CarpenterZachary S. CooperHo Bin JangBenjamin BolducJody W. DemingMatthew B. SullivanAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticleviral communitiesextreme environmentsvirus-host interactioncold and salt adaptionhorizontal gene transferMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSystems, Vol 5, Iss 3 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	viral communities extreme environments virus-host interaction cold and salt adaption horizontal gene transfer Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	viral communities extreme environments virus-host interaction cold and salt adaption horizontal gene transfer Microbiology QR1-502 Zhi-Ping Zhong Josephine Z. Rapp James M. Wainaina Natalie E. Solonenko Heather Maughan Shelly D. Carpenter Zachary S. Cooper Ho Bin Jang Benjamin Bolduc Jody W. Deming Matthew B. Sullivan Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice
description	ABSTRACT Arctic regions, which are changing rapidly as they warm 2 to 3 times faster than the global average, still retain microbial habitats that serve as natural laboratories for understanding mechanisms of microbial adaptation to extreme conditions. Seawater-derived brines within both sea ice (sea-ice brine) and ancient layers of permafrost (cryopeg brine) support diverse microbes adapted to subzero temperatures and high salinities, yet little is known about viruses in these extreme environments, which, if analogous to other systems, could play important evolutionary and ecosystem roles. Here, we characterized viral communities and their functions in samples of cryopeg brine, sea-ice brine, and melted sea ice. Viral abundance was high in cryopeg brine (1.2 × 108 ml−1) and much lower in sea-ice brine (1.3 × 105 to 2.1 × 105 ml−1), which roughly paralleled the differences in cell concentrations in these samples. Five low-input, quantitative viral metagenomes were sequenced to yield 476 viral populations (i.e., species level; ≥10 kb), only 12% of which could be assigned taxonomy by traditional database approaches, indicating a high degree of novelty. Additional analyses revealed that these viruses: (i) formed communities that differed between sample type and vertically with sea-ice depth; (ii) infected hosts that dominated these extreme ecosystems, including Marinobacter, Glaciecola, and Colwellia; and (iii) encoded fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes that likely helped their hosts overcome cold and salt stress during infection, as well as mediated horizontal gene transfer of FAD genes between microbes. Together, these findings contribute to understanding viral abundances and communities and how viruses impact their microbial hosts in subzero brines and sea ice. IMPORTANCE This study explores viral community structure and function in remote and extreme Arctic environments, including subzero brines within marine layers of permafrost and sea ice, using a modern viral ecogenomics toolkit for the first time. In addition to providing foundational data sets for these climate-threatened habitats, we found evidence that the viruses had habitat specificity, infected dominant microbial hosts, encoded host-derived metabolic genes, and mediated horizontal gene transfer among hosts. These results advance our understanding of the virosphere and how viruses influence extreme ecosystems. More broadly, the evidence that virally mediated gene transfers may be limited by host range in these extreme habitats contributes to a mechanistic understanding of genetic exchange among microbes under stressful conditions in other systems.
format	article
author	Zhi-Ping Zhong Josephine Z. Rapp James M. Wainaina Natalie E. Solonenko Heather Maughan Shelly D. Carpenter Zachary S. Cooper Ho Bin Jang Benjamin Bolduc Jody W. Deming Matthew B. Sullivan
author_facet	Zhi-Ping Zhong Josephine Z. Rapp James M. Wainaina Natalie E. Solonenko Heather Maughan Shelly D. Carpenter Zachary S. Cooper Ho Bin Jang Benjamin Bolduc Jody W. Deming Matthew B. Sullivan
author_sort	Zhi-Ping Zhong
title	Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice
title_short	Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice
title_full	Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice
title_fullStr	Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice
title_full_unstemmed	Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice
title_sort	viral ecogenomics of arctic cryopeg brine and sea ice
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/9d37cf666bdd4ac4aac9aa1544dfaf41
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Viral Ecogenomics of Arctic Cryopeg Brine and Sea Ice

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