Pseudomonas fluorescens Showing Antifungal Activity against Macrophomina phaseolina, a Severe Pathogenic Fungus of Soybean, Produces Phenazine as the Main Active Metabolite

Pseudomonas fluorescens 9 and Bacillus subtilis 54, proposed as biofungicides to control Macrophomina phaseolina, a dangerous pathogen of soybean and other crops, were grown in vitro to evaluate their ability to produce metabolites with antifu...

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Autores principales:	Stefany Castaldi, Marco Masi, Francisco Sautua, Alessio Cimmino, Rachele Isticato, Marcelo Carmona, Angela Tuzi, Antonio Evidente
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i> phenazine phenazine analogs and derivatives soybean pathogens antifungal activity Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9d472052d1934be9aa2e58307b2a7197
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9d472052d1934be9aa2e58307b2a71972021-11-25T16:54:32Z<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Showing Antifungal Activity against <i>Macrophomina phaseolina,</i> a Severe Pathogenic Fungus of Soybean, Produces Phenazine as the Main Active Metabolite10.3390/biom111117282218-273Xhttps://doaj.org/article/9d472052d1934be9aa2e58307b2a71972021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/11/1728https://doaj.org/toc/2218-273X<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> 9 and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> 54, proposed as biofungicides to control <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i>, a dangerous pathogen of soybean and other crops, were grown in vitro to evaluate their ability to produce metabolites with antifungal activity. The aim of the manuscript was to identify the natural compounds responsible for their antifungal activity. Only the culture filtrates of <i>P. fluorescens</i> 9 showed strong antifungal activity against <i>M. phaseolina</i>. Its organic extract contained phenazine and mesaconic acid (<b>1</b> and <b>2</b>), whose antifungal activity was tested against <i>M. phaseolina</i>, as well as <i>Cercospora nicotianae</i> and <i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i>, other pathogens of soybean; however, only compound <b>1</b> exhibited activity. The antifungal activity of compound <b>1</b> was compared to phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA, <b>3</b>), 2-hydroxyphenazine (2-OH P, <b>4</b>), and various semisynthetic phenazine nitro derivatives in order to perform a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study. PCA and phenazine exhibited the same percentage of growth inhibition in <i>M. phaseolina</i> and <i>C. truncatum</i>, whereas PCA (<b>3</b>) showed lower activity against <i>C. nicotianae</i> than phenazine. 2-Hydroxyphenazine (<b>4</b>) showed no antifungal activity against <i>M. phaseolina</i>. The results of the SAR study showed that electron attractor (COOH and NO<sub>2</sub>) or repulsor (OH) groups significantly affect the antifungal growth, as well as their α- or β-location on the phenazine ring. Both PCA and phenazine could be proposed as biopesticides to control the soybean pathogens <i>M. phaseolina</i>, <i>C. nicotianae</i>, and <i>C. truncatum</i>, and these results should prompt an investigation of their large-scale production and their suitable formulation for greenhouse and field applications.Stefany CastaldiMarco MasiFrancisco SautuaAlessio CimminoRachele IsticatoMarcelo CarmonaAngela TuziAntonio EvidenteMDPI AGarticle<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i><i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i>phenazinephenazine analogs and derivativessoybean pathogensantifungal activityMicrobiologyQR1-502ENBiomolecules, Vol 11, Iss 1728, p 1728 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i> phenazine phenazine analogs and derivatives soybean pathogens antifungal activity Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i> phenazine phenazine analogs and derivatives soybean pathogens antifungal activity Microbiology QR1-502 Stefany Castaldi Marco Masi Francisco Sautua Alessio Cimmino Rachele Isticato Marcelo Carmona Angela Tuzi Antonio Evidente <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Showing Antifungal Activity against <i>Macrophomina phaseolina,</i> a Severe Pathogenic Fungus of Soybean, Produces Phenazine as the Main Active Metabolite
description	<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> 9 and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> 54, proposed as biofungicides to control <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i>, a dangerous pathogen of soybean and other crops, were grown in vitro to evaluate their ability to produce metabolites with antifungal activity. The aim of the manuscript was to identify the natural compounds responsible for their antifungal activity. Only the culture filtrates of <i>P. fluorescens</i> 9 showed strong antifungal activity against <i>M. phaseolina</i>. Its organic extract contained phenazine and mesaconic acid (<b>1</b> and <b>2</b>), whose antifungal activity was tested against <i>M. phaseolina</i>, as well as <i>Cercospora nicotianae</i> and <i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i>, other pathogens of soybean; however, only compound <b>1</b> exhibited activity. The antifungal activity of compound <b>1</b> was compared to phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA, <b>3</b>), 2-hydroxyphenazine (2-OH P, <b>4</b>), and various semisynthetic phenazine nitro derivatives in order to perform a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study. PCA and phenazine exhibited the same percentage of growth inhibition in <i>M. phaseolina</i> and <i>C. truncatum</i>, whereas PCA (<b>3</b>) showed lower activity against <i>C. nicotianae</i> than phenazine. 2-Hydroxyphenazine (<b>4</b>) showed no antifungal activity against <i>M. phaseolina</i>. The results of the SAR study showed that electron attractor (COOH and NO<sub>2</sub>) or repulsor (OH) groups significantly affect the antifungal growth, as well as their α- or β-location on the phenazine ring. Both PCA and phenazine could be proposed as biopesticides to control the soybean pathogens <i>M. phaseolina</i>, <i>C. nicotianae</i>, and <i>C. truncatum</i>, and these results should prompt an investigation of their large-scale production and their suitable formulation for greenhouse and field applications.
format	article
author	Stefany Castaldi Marco Masi Francisco Sautua Alessio Cimmino Rachele Isticato Marcelo Carmona Angela Tuzi Antonio Evidente
author_facet	Stefany Castaldi Marco Masi Francisco Sautua Alessio Cimmino Rachele Isticato Marcelo Carmona Angela Tuzi Antonio Evidente
author_sort	Stefany Castaldi
title	<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Showing Antifungal Activity against <i>Macrophomina phaseolina,</i> a Severe Pathogenic Fungus of Soybean, Produces Phenazine as the Main Active Metabolite
title_short	<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Showing Antifungal Activity against <i>Macrophomina phaseolina,</i> a Severe Pathogenic Fungus of Soybean, Produces Phenazine as the Main Active Metabolite
title_full	<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Showing Antifungal Activity against <i>Macrophomina phaseolina,</i> a Severe Pathogenic Fungus of Soybean, Produces Phenazine as the Main Active Metabolite
title_fullStr	<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Showing Antifungal Activity against <i>Macrophomina phaseolina,</i> a Severe Pathogenic Fungus of Soybean, Produces Phenazine as the Main Active Metabolite
title_full_unstemmed	<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Showing Antifungal Activity against <i>Macrophomina phaseolina,</i> a Severe Pathogenic Fungus of Soybean, Produces Phenazine as the Main Active Metabolite
title_sort	<i>pseudomonas fluorescens</i> showing antifungal activity against <i>macrophomina phaseolina,</i> a severe pathogenic fungus of soybean, produces phenazine as the main active metabolite
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9d472052d1934be9aa2e58307b2a7197
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<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Showing Antifungal Activity against <i>Macrophomina phaseolina,</i> a Severe Pathogenic Fungus of Soybean, Produces Phenazine as the Main Active Metabolite

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