Volatiles Induced from <i>Hypolepis punctata</i> (Dennstaedtiaceae) by Herbivores Attract <i>Sclomina erinacea</i> (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Clear Evidence of Indirect Defense in Fern
Plants have evolved various self-defense mechanisms against insect feeding. There are many reports regarding both direct and indirect defense mechanisms in seed-plant. However, only direct defenses on ferns were considered and the indirect defense mechanism has never been reported. In this study, it...
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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| Formato: | article |
| Lenguaje: | EN |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
2021
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://doaj.org/article/9e2c61461f20448eba42949f4939880e |
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| Sumario: | Plants have evolved various self-defense mechanisms against insect feeding. There are many reports regarding both direct and indirect defense mechanisms in seed-plant. However, only direct defenses on ferns were considered and the indirect defense mechanism has never been reported. In this study, it was observed that the fern <i>Hypolepis punctata</i> can attract the assassin bug <i>Sclomina erinacea</i> in the field. We collected and analyzed volatiles from <i>H. punctata</i> healthy individuals and the ones wounded by <i>Bertula hadenalis</i>, using dynamic headspace and GC-MS. We recorded the electroantennogram responses of antennae of <i>S. erinacea</i> to different standards of volatile compounds identified from the GC-MS analysis. We also analyzed the behavior of male and female <i>S. erinacea</i> adults in response to volatiles collected from <i>H. punctata</i> using a Y-tube olfactometer. The results showed that a number of volatile compounds were produced when the fern was damaged by <i>B. hadenalis</i>. Electroantennography and Y-tube olfactometer results showed that some herbivore-induced volatiles and volatiles from undamaged leaves could attract <i>S. erinacea</i>. Our research suggests that <i>H. punctata</i> can attract insect predators by releasing herbivory-induced volatile organic compounds, and for the first time we found ferns may also have indirect defense mechanisms using volatile organic compounds. |
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