A Novel Deoxynivalenol-Activated Wheat <i>Arl6ip4</i> Gene Encodes an Antifungal Peptide with Deoxynivalenol Affinity and Protects Plants against <i>Fusarium</i> Pathogens and Mycotoxins
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most widespread trichothecene mycotoxins in contaminated cereal products. DON plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>, but the molecular mechanisms of DON underlying <i>Fusarium</i>–wheat interactions are not ye...
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | article |
| Lenguaje: | EN |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
2021
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://doaj.org/article/9f036fe56a0a46358ede18c3f73c7491 |
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| Sumario: | Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most widespread trichothecene mycotoxins in contaminated cereal products. DON plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>, but the molecular mechanisms of DON underlying <i>Fusarium</i>–wheat interactions are not yet well understood. In this study, a novel wheat ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 6-interacting protein 4 gene, <i>TaArl6ip4,</i> was identified from DON-treated wheat suspension cells by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). The qRT-PCR result suggested that <i>TaArl6ip4</i> expression is specifically activated by DON in both the <i>Fusarium</i> intermediate susceptible wheat cultivar Zhengmai9023 and the <i>F</i><i>usarium</i> resistant cultivar Sumai3. The transient expression results of the TaARL6IP4::GFP fusion protein indicate that <i>TaArl6ip4</i> encodes a plasma membrane and nucleus-localized protein. Multiple sequence alignment using microscale thermophoresis showed that TaARL6IP4 comprises a conserved DON binding motif, <sub>67</sub>HXXXG<sub>71</sub>, and exhibits DON affinity with a dissociation constant (<i>K</i><sub>D</sub>) of 91 ± 2.6 µM. Moreover, TaARL6IP4 exhibited antifungal activity with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 22 ± 1.5 µM and 25 ± 2.6 µM against <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> and <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, respectively. Furthermore, TaArl6ip4 interacted with the plasma membrane of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> spores, resulting in membrane disruption and the leakage of cytoplasmic materials. The heterologous over-expression of <i>TaArl6ip4</i> conferred greater DON tolerance and <i>Fusarium</i> resistance in <i>Arabidopsis.</i> Finally, we describe a novel DON-induced wheat gene, <i>TaArl6ip4</i>, exhibiting antifungal function and DON affinity that may play a key role in <i>Fusarium–</i>wheat interactions. |
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