Efficacy of Chemical and Biological Stump Treatments for the Control of <i>Heterobasidion occidentale</i> Infection of California <i>Abies concolor</i>
We conducted an experimental evaluation of treatments to limit <i>Heterobasidion occidentale</i> infection of white fir (<i>Abies concolor</i>) stumps and wounds in California mixed conifer forests. We tested the efficacy of urea, borate, and a mixture of two locally collecte...
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| Autores principales: | , , , |
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| Formato: | article |
| Lenguaje: | EN |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
2021
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://doaj.org/article/9f8ebe13f0f94d41bb3d3e67f58174d9 |
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| Sumario: | We conducted an experimental evaluation of treatments to limit <i>Heterobasidion occidentale</i> infection of white fir (<i>Abies concolor</i>) stumps and wounds in California mixed conifer forests. We tested the efficacy of urea, borate, and a mixture of two locally collected <i>Phlebiopsis gigantea</i> strains in preventing pathogen colonization of fir stumps and separately, urea and borate as infection controls on experimental stem wounds. These were paired with a laboratory test on ~100 g wood blocks with and without a one-week delay between inoculation and treatment. Urea, borates, and <i>Phlebiopsis</i> treatments all significantly reduced the stump surface area that was colonized by <i>H. occidentale</i> at 84%, 91%, and 68%, respectively, relative to the controls. However, only the borate treatments significantly lowered the number of stumps that were infected by the pathogen. The laboratory study matched the patterns that were found in the stump experiment with a reduced area of colonization for urea, borates, or <i>P. gigantea</i> treatments relative to the controls; delaying the treatment did not affect efficacy. The field wound experiment did not result in any <i>Heterobasidion</i> colonization, even in positive control treatments, rendering the experiment uninformative. Our study suggests treatments that are known to limit <i>Heterobasidion</i> establishment on pine or spruce stumps elsewhere in the world may also be effective on true firs in California. |
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