Adaptive evolution and environmental durability jointly structure phylodynamic patterns in avian influenza viruses.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been pivotal to the origination of human pandemic strains. Despite their scientific and public health significance, however, there remains much to be understood about the ecology and evolution of AIVs in wild birds, where major pools of genetic diversity are gener...

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Autores principales:	Benjamin Roche, John M Drake, Justin Brown, David E Stallknecht, Trevor Bedford, Pejman Rohani
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a0224597c68441a0b280fadbf3618372
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a0224597c68441a0b280fadbf36183722021-11-25T05:33:00ZAdaptive evolution and environmental durability jointly structure phylodynamic patterns in avian influenza viruses.1544-91731545-788510.1371/journal.pbio.1001931https://doaj.org/article/a0224597c68441a0b280fadbf36183722014-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25116957/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1544-9173https://doaj.org/toc/1545-7885Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been pivotal to the origination of human pandemic strains. Despite their scientific and public health significance, however, there remains much to be understood about the ecology and evolution of AIVs in wild birds, where major pools of genetic diversity are generated and maintained. Here, we present comparative phylodynamic analyses of human and AIVs in North America, demonstrating (i) significantly higher standing genetic diversity and (ii) phylogenetic trees with a weaker signature of immune escape in AIVs than in human viruses. To explain these differences, we performed statistical analyses to quantify the relative contribution of several potential explanations. We found that HA genetic diversity in avian viruses is determined by a combination of factors, predominantly subtype-specific differences in host immune selective pressure and the ecology of transmission (in particular, the durability of subtypes in aquatic environments). Extending this analysis using a computational model demonstrated that virus durability may lead to long-term, indirect chains of transmission that, when coupled with a short host lifespan, can generate and maintain the observed high levels of genetic diversity. Further evidence in support of this novel finding was found by demonstrating an association between subtype-specific environmental durability and predicted phylogenetic signatures: genetic diversity, variation in phylogenetic tree branch lengths, and tree height. The conclusion that environmental transmission plays an important role in the evolutionary biology of avian influenza viruses-a manifestation of the "storage effect"-highlights the potentially unpredictable impact of wildlife reservoirs for future human pandemics and the need for improved understanding of the natural ecology of these viruses.Benjamin RocheJohn M DrakeJustin BrownDavid E StallknechtTrevor BedfordPejman RohaniPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Biology, Vol 12, Iss 8, p e1001931 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Benjamin Roche John M Drake Justin Brown David E Stallknecht Trevor Bedford Pejman Rohani Adaptive evolution and environmental durability jointly structure phylodynamic patterns in avian influenza viruses.
description	Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been pivotal to the origination of human pandemic strains. Despite their scientific and public health significance, however, there remains much to be understood about the ecology and evolution of AIVs in wild birds, where major pools of genetic diversity are generated and maintained. Here, we present comparative phylodynamic analyses of human and AIVs in North America, demonstrating (i) significantly higher standing genetic diversity and (ii) phylogenetic trees with a weaker signature of immune escape in AIVs than in human viruses. To explain these differences, we performed statistical analyses to quantify the relative contribution of several potential explanations. We found that HA genetic diversity in avian viruses is determined by a combination of factors, predominantly subtype-specific differences in host immune selective pressure and the ecology of transmission (in particular, the durability of subtypes in aquatic environments). Extending this analysis using a computational model demonstrated that virus durability may lead to long-term, indirect chains of transmission that, when coupled with a short host lifespan, can generate and maintain the observed high levels of genetic diversity. Further evidence in support of this novel finding was found by demonstrating an association between subtype-specific environmental durability and predicted phylogenetic signatures: genetic diversity, variation in phylogenetic tree branch lengths, and tree height. The conclusion that environmental transmission plays an important role in the evolutionary biology of avian influenza viruses-a manifestation of the "storage effect"-highlights the potentially unpredictable impact of wildlife reservoirs for future human pandemics and the need for improved understanding of the natural ecology of these viruses.
format	article
author	Benjamin Roche John M Drake Justin Brown David E Stallknecht Trevor Bedford Pejman Rohani
author_facet	Benjamin Roche John M Drake Justin Brown David E Stallknecht Trevor Bedford Pejman Rohani
author_sort	Benjamin Roche
title	Adaptive evolution and environmental durability jointly structure phylodynamic patterns in avian influenza viruses.
title_short	Adaptive evolution and environmental durability jointly structure phylodynamic patterns in avian influenza viruses.
title_full	Adaptive evolution and environmental durability jointly structure phylodynamic patterns in avian influenza viruses.
title_fullStr	Adaptive evolution and environmental durability jointly structure phylodynamic patterns in avian influenza viruses.
title_full_unstemmed	Adaptive evolution and environmental durability jointly structure phylodynamic patterns in avian influenza viruses.
title_sort	adaptive evolution and environmental durability jointly structure phylodynamic patterns in avian influenza viruses.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/a0224597c68441a0b280fadbf3618372
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Adaptive evolution and environmental durability jointly structure phylodynamic patterns in avian influenza viruses.

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