Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition

Abstract This study aimed to achieve an in vitro quantification of the effects of composition and formulation factors on the killing rates of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. The killing rates of 85% ethyl alcohol (ET) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were studied under different conditions such as pH, ele...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Ifeanyi T. Nzekwe, Onyedika I. Agwuka, Moses U. Okezie, Daniel O. Fasheun, Petra O. Nnamani, Chukwuma O. Agubata
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	SpringerOpen 2021
Materias:	Alcohol Sanitizer Disinfection Stability Additives Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a045d41f187740208439a680cdc11d09
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:a045d41f187740208439a680cdc11d09
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a045d41f187740208439a680cdc11d092021-11-28T12:15:12ZDesigning an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition10.1186/s41120-021-00038-x2364-9534https://doaj.org/article/a045d41f187740208439a680cdc11d092021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s41120-021-00038-xhttps://doaj.org/toc/2364-9534Abstract This study aimed to achieve an in vitro quantification of the effects of composition and formulation factors on the killing rates of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. The killing rates of 85% ethyl alcohol (ET) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were studied under different conditions such as pH, electrolyte concentration, or inclusion of herbal extracts (cucumber, carrot, and aloe vera), a quaternary ammonium compound, or thickener over different time intervals. Changes in the activities were retested after 3 months as an indication of stability. From two-way ANOVA, both the time of exposure and the sanitizer type affected the activity against Staphylococcus aureus (P = 0.001 for both alcohols), whereas for Escherichia coli, time of exposure was significant (P = 0.027), while sanitizer type was less significant (P = 0.063). Extreme pHs, the presence of ions, and the inclusion of additives such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), plant extracts, or carbomer impacted the 3-month activity of the samples differently. Important differences existing in the activities of ET and IPA, as a function of formulation factors or use conditions have been quantified using in vitro methods. Formulations should best be tailored for particular purposes and the all-purpose hand sanitizer may not exist. Graphic AbstractIfeanyi T. NzekweOnyedika I. AgwukaMoses U. OkezieDaniel O. FasheunPetra O. NnamaniChukwuma O. AgubataSpringerOpenarticleAlcoholSanitizerDisinfectionStabilityAdditivesTherapeutics. PharmacologyRM1-950Pharmacy and materia medicaRS1-441ENAAPS Open, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Alcohol Sanitizer Disinfection Stability Additives Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441
spellingShingle	Alcohol Sanitizer Disinfection Stability Additives Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441 Ifeanyi T. Nzekwe Onyedika I. Agwuka Moses U. Okezie Daniel O. Fasheun Petra O. Nnamani Chukwuma O. Agubata Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition
description	Abstract This study aimed to achieve an in vitro quantification of the effects of composition and formulation factors on the killing rates of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. The killing rates of 85% ethyl alcohol (ET) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were studied under different conditions such as pH, electrolyte concentration, or inclusion of herbal extracts (cucumber, carrot, and aloe vera), a quaternary ammonium compound, or thickener over different time intervals. Changes in the activities were retested after 3 months as an indication of stability. From two-way ANOVA, both the time of exposure and the sanitizer type affected the activity against Staphylococcus aureus (P = 0.001 for both alcohols), whereas for Escherichia coli, time of exposure was significant (P = 0.027), while sanitizer type was less significant (P = 0.063). Extreme pHs, the presence of ions, and the inclusion of additives such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), plant extracts, or carbomer impacted the 3-month activity of the samples differently. Important differences existing in the activities of ET and IPA, as a function of formulation factors or use conditions have been quantified using in vitro methods. Formulations should best be tailored for particular purposes and the all-purpose hand sanitizer may not exist. Graphic Abstract
format	article
author	Ifeanyi T. Nzekwe Onyedika I. Agwuka Moses U. Okezie Daniel O. Fasheun Petra O. Nnamani Chukwuma O. Agubata
author_facet	Ifeanyi T. Nzekwe Onyedika I. Agwuka Moses U. Okezie Daniel O. Fasheun Petra O. Nnamani Chukwuma O. Agubata
author_sort	Ifeanyi T. Nzekwe
title	Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition
title_short	Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition
title_full	Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition
title_fullStr	Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition
title_full_unstemmed	Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition
title_sort	designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition
publisher	SpringerOpen
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a045d41f187740208439a680cdc11d09
work_keys_str_mv	AT ifeanyitnzekwe designinganidealalcoholbasedhandsanitizerinvitroantibacterialresponsesofethanolandisopropylalcoholsolutionstochangingcomposition AT onyedikaiagwuka designinganidealalcoholbasedhandsanitizerinvitroantibacterialresponsesofethanolandisopropylalcoholsolutionstochangingcomposition AT mosesuokezie designinganidealalcoholbasedhandsanitizerinvitroantibacterialresponsesofethanolandisopropylalcoholsolutionstochangingcomposition AT danielofasheun designinganidealalcoholbasedhandsanitizerinvitroantibacterialresponsesofethanolandisopropylalcoholsolutionstochangingcomposition AT petraonnamani designinganidealalcoholbasedhandsanitizerinvitroantibacterialresponsesofethanolandisopropylalcoholsolutionstochangingcomposition AT chukwumaoagubata designinganidealalcoholbasedhandsanitizerinvitroantibacterialresponsesofethanolandisopropylalcoholsolutionstochangingcomposition
_version_	1718408092741271552

Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition

Ejemplares similares