Extended Goal Recognition: Lessons from Magic

The “science of magic” has lately emerged as a new field of study, providing valuable insights into the nature of human perception and cognition. While most of us think of magic as being all about deception and perceptual “tricks”, the craft—as documented by psychologists and professional magicians—...

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Autores principales:	Peta Masters, Wally Smith, Michael Kirley
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	planning reasoning deception goal recognition SOMA magic Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a125ae32d924421297c5570dd3a46ec0
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:a125ae32d924421297c5570dd3a46ec0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a125ae32d924421297c5570dd3a46ec02021-11-12T17:52:18ZExtended Goal Recognition: Lessons from Magic2624-821210.3389/frai.2021.730990https://doaj.org/article/a125ae32d924421297c5570dd3a46ec02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2021.730990/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2624-8212The “science of magic” has lately emerged as a new field of study, providing valuable insights into the nature of human perception and cognition. While most of us think of magic as being all about deception and perceptual “tricks”, the craft—as documented by psychologists and professional magicians—provides a rare practical demonstration and understanding of goal recognition. For the purposes of human-aware planning, goal recognition involves predicting what a human observer is most likely to understand from a sequence of actions. Magicians perform sequences of actions with keen awareness of what an audience will understand from them and—in order to subvert it—the ability to predict precisely what an observer’s expectation is most likely to be. Magicians can do this without needing to know any personal details about their audience and without making any significant modification to their routine from one performance to the next. That is, the actions they perform are reliably interpreted by any human observer in such a way that particular (albeit erroneous) goals are predicted every time. This is achievable because people’s perception, cognition and sense-making are predictably fallible. Moreover, in the context of magic, the principles underlying human fallibility are not only well-articulated but empirically proven. In recent work we demonstrated how aspects of human cognition could be incorporated into a standard model of goal recognition, showing that—even though phenomena may be “fully observable” in that nothing prevents them from being observed—not all are noticed, not all are encoded or remembered, and few are remembered indefinitely. In the current article, we revisit those findings from a different angle. We first explore established principles from the science of magic, then recontextualise and build on our model of extended goal recognition in the context of those principles. While our extensions relate primarily to observations, this work extends and explains the definitions, showing how incidental (and apparently incidental) behaviours may significantly influence human memory and belief. We conclude by discussing additional ways in which magic can inform models of goal recognition and the light that this sheds on the persistence of conspiracy theories in the face of compelling contradictory evidence.Peta MastersWally SmithMichael KirleyFrontiers Media S.A.articleplanningreasoningdeceptiongoal recognitionSOMAmagicElectronic computers. Computer scienceQA75.5-76.95ENFrontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 4 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	planning reasoning deception goal recognition SOMA magic Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95
spellingShingle	planning reasoning deception goal recognition SOMA magic Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95 Peta Masters Wally Smith Michael Kirley Extended Goal Recognition: Lessons from Magic
description	The “science of magic” has lately emerged as a new field of study, providing valuable insights into the nature of human perception and cognition. While most of us think of magic as being all about deception and perceptual “tricks”, the craft—as documented by psychologists and professional magicians—provides a rare practical demonstration and understanding of goal recognition. For the purposes of human-aware planning, goal recognition involves predicting what a human observer is most likely to understand from a sequence of actions. Magicians perform sequences of actions with keen awareness of what an audience will understand from them and—in order to subvert it—the ability to predict precisely what an observer’s expectation is most likely to be. Magicians can do this without needing to know any personal details about their audience and without making any significant modification to their routine from one performance to the next. That is, the actions they perform are reliably interpreted by any human observer in such a way that particular (albeit erroneous) goals are predicted every time. This is achievable because people’s perception, cognition and sense-making are predictably fallible. Moreover, in the context of magic, the principles underlying human fallibility are not only well-articulated but empirically proven. In recent work we demonstrated how aspects of human cognition could be incorporated into a standard model of goal recognition, showing that—even though phenomena may be “fully observable” in that nothing prevents them from being observed—not all are noticed, not all are encoded or remembered, and few are remembered indefinitely. In the current article, we revisit those findings from a different angle. We first explore established principles from the science of magic, then recontextualise and build on our model of extended goal recognition in the context of those principles. While our extensions relate primarily to observations, this work extends and explains the definitions, showing how incidental (and apparently incidental) behaviours may significantly influence human memory and belief. We conclude by discussing additional ways in which magic can inform models of goal recognition and the light that this sheds on the persistence of conspiracy theories in the face of compelling contradictory evidence.
format	article
author	Peta Masters Wally Smith Michael Kirley
author_facet	Peta Masters Wally Smith Michael Kirley
author_sort	Peta Masters
title	Extended Goal Recognition: Lessons from Magic
title_short	Extended Goal Recognition: Lessons from Magic
title_full	Extended Goal Recognition: Lessons from Magic
title_fullStr	Extended Goal Recognition: Lessons from Magic
title_full_unstemmed	Extended Goal Recognition: Lessons from Magic
title_sort	extended goal recognition: lessons from magic
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a125ae32d924421297c5570dd3a46ec0
work_keys_str_mv	AT petamasters extendedgoalrecognitionlessonsfrommagic AT wallysmith extendedgoalrecognitionlessonsfrommagic AT michaelkirley extendedgoalrecognitionlessonsfrommagic
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Extended Goal Recognition: Lessons from Magic

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