Depression, Anxiety and Stress Indicators for Prosthetic Eye Wearers

Nicola S Pine,1,* Keith R Pine2,* 1School of Psychology, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; 2School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Keith R PineSchool of Optometry and Vision Science...

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Autores principales:	Pine NS, Pine KR
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2020
Materias:	psychology ocular prosthesis psychological impact mental health Ophthalmology RE1-994
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a14c211d5a9e4880b3ca81e208565df4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a14c211d5a9e4880b3ca81e208565df42021-12-02T13:05:44ZDepression, Anxiety and Stress Indicators for Prosthetic Eye Wearers1177-5483https://doaj.org/article/a14c211d5a9e4880b3ca81e208565df42020-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/depression-anxiety-and-stress-indicators-for-prosthetic-eye-wearers-peer-reviewed-article-OPTHhttps://doaj.org/toc/1177-5483Nicola S Pine,1,* Keith R Pine2,* 1School of Psychology, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; 2School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Keith R PineSchool of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland P. O. Box 31 306 Milford, Auckland 0741 Tel +64 21 999 814Fax +64 9 4893365Email keith@keithpine.co.nzBackground: This study explores the role of appearance, mucoid discharge, visual perception and functional problems as indicators for depression, anxiety and stress amongst prosthetic eye wearers.Methods: A total of 217 anophthalmic patients who had worn a prosthetic eye for at least two years and were older than 16 years completed an anonymous questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to investigate differences and correlations between variables.Results: The mean scores for depression, anxiety, and stress fell within the accepted normal ranges; however, 11% of participants experienced moderate depression, while 7% experienced severe or extremely severe levels. Ten percent were moderately anxious, and 7% were severely or extremely severely anxious. Five percent of participants were moderately stressed, while 7% were severely or extremely severely stressed.Conclusion: Social settings are important predictors for depression, whereas anxiety and stress appear to derive more from appearance concerns and practical issues. Prosthetic eye wearers with employment, leisure and social functioning issues are at higher risk of depression, anxiety and stress, as well as appearance, anxiety and not feeling accepted by society. Older patients and those who feel accepted by society appear to suffer less anxiety and stress. It is recommended that psychologists be a part of an integrated team to address the needs of anophthalmic patients.Keywords: psychology, ocular prosthesis, psychological impact, mental healthPine NSPine KRDove Medical Pressarticlepsychologyocular prosthesispsychological impactmental healthOphthalmologyRE1-994ENClinical Ophthalmology, Vol Volume 14, Pp 1715-1723 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	psychology ocular prosthesis psychological impact mental health Ophthalmology RE1-994
spellingShingle	psychology ocular prosthesis psychological impact mental health Ophthalmology RE1-994 Pine NS Pine KR Depression, Anxiety and Stress Indicators for Prosthetic Eye Wearers
description	Nicola S Pine,1,* Keith R Pine2,* 1School of Psychology, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; 2School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Keith R PineSchool of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland P. O. Box 31 306 Milford, Auckland 0741 Tel +64 21 999 814Fax +64 9 4893365Email keith@keithpine.co.nzBackground: This study explores the role of appearance, mucoid discharge, visual perception and functional problems as indicators for depression, anxiety and stress amongst prosthetic eye wearers.Methods: A total of 217 anophthalmic patients who had worn a prosthetic eye for at least two years and were older than 16 years completed an anonymous questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to investigate differences and correlations between variables.Results: The mean scores for depression, anxiety, and stress fell within the accepted normal ranges; however, 11% of participants experienced moderate depression, while 7% experienced severe or extremely severe levels. Ten percent were moderately anxious, and 7% were severely or extremely severely anxious. Five percent of participants were moderately stressed, while 7% were severely or extremely severely stressed.Conclusion: Social settings are important predictors for depression, whereas anxiety and stress appear to derive more from appearance concerns and practical issues. Prosthetic eye wearers with employment, leisure and social functioning issues are at higher risk of depression, anxiety and stress, as well as appearance, anxiety and not feeling accepted by society. Older patients and those who feel accepted by society appear to suffer less anxiety and stress. It is recommended that psychologists be a part of an integrated team to address the needs of anophthalmic patients.Keywords: psychology, ocular prosthesis, psychological impact, mental health
format	article
author	Pine NS Pine KR
author_facet	Pine NS Pine KR
author_sort	Pine NS
title	Depression, Anxiety and Stress Indicators for Prosthetic Eye Wearers
title_short	Depression, Anxiety and Stress Indicators for Prosthetic Eye Wearers
title_full	Depression, Anxiety and Stress Indicators for Prosthetic Eye Wearers
title_fullStr	Depression, Anxiety and Stress Indicators for Prosthetic Eye Wearers
title_full_unstemmed	Depression, Anxiety and Stress Indicators for Prosthetic Eye Wearers
title_sort	depression, anxiety and stress indicators for prosthetic eye wearers
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/a14c211d5a9e4880b3ca81e208565df4
work_keys_str_mv	AT pinens depressionanxietyandstressindicatorsforprostheticeyewearers AT pinekr depressionanxietyandstressindicatorsforprostheticeyewearers
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Depression, Anxiety and Stress Indicators for Prosthetic Eye Wearers

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