Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide

The aim of this study was to select the optimal conditions for the carbonization process followed by surface modification treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to obtain a highly microporous activated carbon structure derived from palm kernel shells (PKS) and coconut shells (CS). The effects of the...

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Autores principales:	Mohd Sahfani Hafizuddin, Chuan Li Lee, Kit Ling Chin, Paik San H’ng, Pui San Khoo, Umer Rashid
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	concentration coconut shell palm kernel shell surface area adsorption post-treatment Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a1725cd5d4674367ad8313cec9136bc5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a1725cd5d4674367ad8313cec9136bc52021-11-25T18:48:43ZFabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide10.3390/polym132239542073-4360https://doaj.org/article/a1725cd5d4674367ad8313cec9136bc52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/22/3954https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4360The aim of this study was to select the optimal conditions for the carbonization process followed by surface modification treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to obtain a highly microporous activated carbon structure derived from palm kernel shells (PKS) and coconut shells (CS). The effects of the carbonization temperature and NaOH concentration on the physiochemical properties, adsorption capability, specific surface area, surface morphology, and surface chemistry of PKS and CS were evaluated in this study. The results show that surface-modified activated carbons presented higher surface area values (CS: 356.87 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, PKS: 427.64 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>), smaller pore size (CS: 2.24 nm, PKS: 1.99 nm), and larger pore volume (CS: 0.34 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, PKS: 0.30 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) than the untreated activated carbon, demonstrating that the NaOH surface modification was efficient enough to improve the surface characteristics of the activated carbon. Moreover, surface modification via 25% NaOH greatly increases the active functional group of activated carbon, thereby directly increasing the adsorption capability of activated carbon (CS: 527.44 mg g<sup>−1</sup>, PKS: 627.03 mg g<sup>−1</sup>). By applying the NaOH post-treatment as the ultimate surface modification technique to the activated carbon derived from PKS and CS, a highly microporous structure was produced.Mohd Sahfani HafizuddinChuan Li LeeKit Ling ChinPaik San H’ngPui San KhooUmer RashidMDPI AGarticleconcentrationcoconut shellpalm kernel shellsurface areaadsorptionpost-treatmentOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENPolymers, Vol 13, Iss 3954, p 3954 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	concentration coconut shell palm kernel shell surface area adsorption post-treatment Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	concentration coconut shell palm kernel shell surface area adsorption post-treatment Organic chemistry QD241-441 Mohd Sahfani Hafizuddin Chuan Li Lee Kit Ling Chin Paik San H’ng Pui San Khoo Umer Rashid Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide
description	The aim of this study was to select the optimal conditions for the carbonization process followed by surface modification treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to obtain a highly microporous activated carbon structure derived from palm kernel shells (PKS) and coconut shells (CS). The effects of the carbonization temperature and NaOH concentration on the physiochemical properties, adsorption capability, specific surface area, surface morphology, and surface chemistry of PKS and CS were evaluated in this study. The results show that surface-modified activated carbons presented higher surface area values (CS: 356.87 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, PKS: 427.64 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>), smaller pore size (CS: 2.24 nm, PKS: 1.99 nm), and larger pore volume (CS: 0.34 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, PKS: 0.30 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) than the untreated activated carbon, demonstrating that the NaOH surface modification was efficient enough to improve the surface characteristics of the activated carbon. Moreover, surface modification via 25% NaOH greatly increases the active functional group of activated carbon, thereby directly increasing the adsorption capability of activated carbon (CS: 527.44 mg g<sup>−1</sup>, PKS: 627.03 mg g<sup>−1</sup>). By applying the NaOH post-treatment as the ultimate surface modification technique to the activated carbon derived from PKS and CS, a highly microporous structure was produced.
format	article
author	Mohd Sahfani Hafizuddin Chuan Li Lee Kit Ling Chin Paik San H’ng Pui San Khoo Umer Rashid
author_facet	Mohd Sahfani Hafizuddin Chuan Li Lee Kit Ling Chin Paik San H’ng Pui San Khoo Umer Rashid
author_sort	Mohd Sahfani Hafizuddin
title	Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide
title_short	Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide
title_full	Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide
title_fullStr	Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide
title_full_unstemmed	Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide
title_sort	fabrication of highly microporous structure activated carbon via surface modification with sodium hydroxide
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a1725cd5d4674367ad8313cec9136bc5
work_keys_str_mv	AT mohdsahfanihafizuddin fabricationofhighlymicroporousstructureactivatedcarbonviasurfacemodificationwithsodiumhydroxide AT chuanlilee fabricationofhighlymicroporousstructureactivatedcarbonviasurfacemodificationwithsodiumhydroxide AT kitlingchin fabricationofhighlymicroporousstructureactivatedcarbonviasurfacemodificationwithsodiumhydroxide AT paiksanhng fabricationofhighlymicroporousstructureactivatedcarbonviasurfacemodificationwithsodiumhydroxide AT puisankhoo fabricationofhighlymicroporousstructureactivatedcarbonviasurfacemodificationwithsodiumhydroxide AT umerrashid fabricationofhighlymicroporousstructureactivatedcarbonviasurfacemodificationwithsodiumhydroxide
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Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide

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