The Blood–Brain Barrier, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a network of specialized endothelial cells that regulates substrate entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Acting as the interface between the periphery and the CNS, the BBB must be equipped to defend against oxidative stress and other free radicals generated i...

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Autores principales:	William A. Banks, Elizabeth M. Rhea
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	blood–brain barrier oxidative stress insulin resistance diabetes mellitus Alzheimer’s disease Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a2496ce5023a46d7a1f5c9962c3660fd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a2496ce5023a46d7a1f5c9962c3660fd2021-11-25T16:26:25ZThe Blood–Brain Barrier, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance10.3390/antiox101116952076-3921https://doaj.org/article/a2496ce5023a46d7a1f5c9962c3660fd2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/11/1695https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3921The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a network of specialized endothelial cells that regulates substrate entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Acting as the interface between the periphery and the CNS, the BBB must be equipped to defend against oxidative stress and other free radicals generated in the periphery to protect the CNS. There are unique features of brain endothelial cells that increase the susceptibility of these cells to oxidative stress. Insulin signaling can be impacted by varying levels of oxidative stress, with low levels of oxidative stress being necessary for signaling and higher levels being detrimental. Insulin must cross the BBB in order to access the CNS, levels of which are important in peripheral metabolism as well as cognition. Any alterations in BBB transport due to oxidative stress at the BBB could have downstream disease implications. In this review, we cover the interactions of oxidative stress at the BBB, how insulin signaling is related to oxidative stress, and the impact of the BBB in two diseases greatly affected by oxidative stress and insulin resistance: diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease.William A. BanksElizabeth M. RheaMDPI AGarticleblood–brain barrieroxidative stressinsulin resistancediabetes mellitusAlzheimer’s diseaseTherapeutics. PharmacologyRM1-950ENAntioxidants, Vol 10, Iss 1695, p 1695 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	blood–brain barrier oxidative stress insulin resistance diabetes mellitus Alzheimer’s disease Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
spellingShingle	blood–brain barrier oxidative stress insulin resistance diabetes mellitus Alzheimer’s disease Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 William A. Banks Elizabeth M. Rhea The Blood–Brain Barrier, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance
description	The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a network of specialized endothelial cells that regulates substrate entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Acting as the interface between the periphery and the CNS, the BBB must be equipped to defend against oxidative stress and other free radicals generated in the periphery to protect the CNS. There are unique features of brain endothelial cells that increase the susceptibility of these cells to oxidative stress. Insulin signaling can be impacted by varying levels of oxidative stress, with low levels of oxidative stress being necessary for signaling and higher levels being detrimental. Insulin must cross the BBB in order to access the CNS, levels of which are important in peripheral metabolism as well as cognition. Any alterations in BBB transport due to oxidative stress at the BBB could have downstream disease implications. In this review, we cover the interactions of oxidative stress at the BBB, how insulin signaling is related to oxidative stress, and the impact of the BBB in two diseases greatly affected by oxidative stress and insulin resistance: diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease.
format	article
author	William A. Banks Elizabeth M. Rhea
author_facet	William A. Banks Elizabeth M. Rhea
author_sort	William A. Banks
title	The Blood–Brain Barrier, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance
title_short	The Blood–Brain Barrier, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance
title_full	The Blood–Brain Barrier, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance
title_fullStr	The Blood–Brain Barrier, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance
title_full_unstemmed	The Blood–Brain Barrier, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance
title_sort	blood–brain barrier, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a2496ce5023a46d7a1f5c9962c3660fd
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The Blood–Brain Barrier, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Resistance

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