Using Daily Nighttime Lights to Monitor Spatiotemporal Patterns of Human Lifestyle under COVID-19: The Case of Saudi Arabia

A novel coronavirus, COVID-19, appeared at the beginning of 2020 and within a few months spread worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic had some of its greatest impacts on social, economic and religious activities. This study focused on the application of daily nighttime light (NTL) data (VNP46A2) to measu...

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Autores principales:	Mohammed Alahmadi, Shawky Mansour, Nataraj Dasgupta, Ammar Abulibdeh, Peter M. Atkinson, David J. Martin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Saudi Arabia Holy Mosque Prophet’s Mosque VIIRS DNB NTL COVID-19 pandemic Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a2ebb887ef5c46449fad3cf2d0a8fd6b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a2ebb887ef5c46449fad3cf2d0a8fd6b2021-11-25T18:54:54ZUsing Daily Nighttime Lights to Monitor Spatiotemporal Patterns of Human Lifestyle under COVID-19: The Case of Saudi Arabia10.3390/rs132246332072-4292https://doaj.org/article/a2ebb887ef5c46449fad3cf2d0a8fd6b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4633https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292A novel coronavirus, COVID-19, appeared at the beginning of 2020 and within a few months spread worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic had some of its greatest impacts on social, economic and religious activities. This study focused on the application of daily nighttime light (NTL) data (VNP46A2) to measure the spatiotemporal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the human lifestyle in Saudi Arabia at the national, province and governorate levels as well as on selected cities and sites. The results show that NTL brightness was reduced in all the pandemic periods in 2020 compared with a pre-pandemic period in 2019, and this was consistent with the socioeconomic results. An early pandemic period showed the greatest effects on the human lifestyle due to the closure of mosques and the implementation of a curfew. A slight improvement in the NTL intensity was observed in later pandemic periods, which represented Ramadan and Eid Alfiter days when Muslims usually increase the light of their houses. Closures of the two holy mosques in Makkah and Madinah affected the human lifestyle in these holy cities as well as that of Umrah pilgrims inside Saudi Arabia and abroad. The findings of this study confirm that the social and cultural context of each country must be taken into account when interpreting COVID-19 impacts, and that analysis of difference in nighttime lights is sensitive to these factors. In Saudi Arabia, the origin of Islam and one of the main sources of global energy, the preventive measures taken not only affected Saudi society; impacts spread further and reached the entire Islamic society and other societies, too.Mohammed AlahmadiShawky MansourNataraj DasguptaAmmar AbulibdehPeter M. AtkinsonDavid J. MartinMDPI AGarticleSaudi ArabiaHoly MosqueProphet’s MosqueVIIRS DNBNTLCOVID-19 pandemicScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4633, p 4633 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Saudi Arabia Holy Mosque Prophet’s Mosque VIIRS DNB NTL COVID-19 pandemic Science Q
spellingShingle	Saudi Arabia Holy Mosque Prophet’s Mosque VIIRS DNB NTL COVID-19 pandemic Science Q Mohammed Alahmadi Shawky Mansour Nataraj Dasgupta Ammar Abulibdeh Peter M. Atkinson David J. Martin Using Daily Nighttime Lights to Monitor Spatiotemporal Patterns of Human Lifestyle under COVID-19: The Case of Saudi Arabia
description	A novel coronavirus, COVID-19, appeared at the beginning of 2020 and within a few months spread worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic had some of its greatest impacts on social, economic and religious activities. This study focused on the application of daily nighttime light (NTL) data (VNP46A2) to measure the spatiotemporal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the human lifestyle in Saudi Arabia at the national, province and governorate levels as well as on selected cities and sites. The results show that NTL brightness was reduced in all the pandemic periods in 2020 compared with a pre-pandemic period in 2019, and this was consistent with the socioeconomic results. An early pandemic period showed the greatest effects on the human lifestyle due to the closure of mosques and the implementation of a curfew. A slight improvement in the NTL intensity was observed in later pandemic periods, which represented Ramadan and Eid Alfiter days when Muslims usually increase the light of their houses. Closures of the two holy mosques in Makkah and Madinah affected the human lifestyle in these holy cities as well as that of Umrah pilgrims inside Saudi Arabia and abroad. The findings of this study confirm that the social and cultural context of each country must be taken into account when interpreting COVID-19 impacts, and that analysis of difference in nighttime lights is sensitive to these factors. In Saudi Arabia, the origin of Islam and one of the main sources of global energy, the preventive measures taken not only affected Saudi society; impacts spread further and reached the entire Islamic society and other societies, too.
format	article
author	Mohammed Alahmadi Shawky Mansour Nataraj Dasgupta Ammar Abulibdeh Peter M. Atkinson David J. Martin
author_facet	Mohammed Alahmadi Shawky Mansour Nataraj Dasgupta Ammar Abulibdeh Peter M. Atkinson David J. Martin
author_sort	Mohammed Alahmadi
title	Using Daily Nighttime Lights to Monitor Spatiotemporal Patterns of Human Lifestyle under COVID-19: The Case of Saudi Arabia
title_short	Using Daily Nighttime Lights to Monitor Spatiotemporal Patterns of Human Lifestyle under COVID-19: The Case of Saudi Arabia
title_full	Using Daily Nighttime Lights to Monitor Spatiotemporal Patterns of Human Lifestyle under COVID-19: The Case of Saudi Arabia
title_fullStr	Using Daily Nighttime Lights to Monitor Spatiotemporal Patterns of Human Lifestyle under COVID-19: The Case of Saudi Arabia
title_full_unstemmed	Using Daily Nighttime Lights to Monitor Spatiotemporal Patterns of Human Lifestyle under COVID-19: The Case of Saudi Arabia
title_sort	using daily nighttime lights to monitor spatiotemporal patterns of human lifestyle under covid-19: the case of saudi arabia
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a2ebb887ef5c46449fad3cf2d0a8fd6b
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Using Daily Nighttime Lights to Monitor Spatiotemporal Patterns of Human Lifestyle under COVID-19: The Case of Saudi Arabia

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