Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies

Objective: Parental influence during children’s “everyday” pain events is under-explored, compared to clinical or experimental pains. We trialed two digital reporting methods for parents to record the real-world context surrounding their child’s everyday pain events within the family home.Methods: P...

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Autores principales:	Grace O’Sullivan, Brian McGuire, Michelle Roche, Line Caes
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	everyday pain home digital health diary parent child Psychology BF1-990
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a301e49006914b54ad47fdc6e83560b8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a301e49006914b54ad47fdc6e83560b82021-11-04T05:22:17ZExploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies1664-107810.3389/fpsyg.2021.741963https://doaj.org/article/a301e49006914b54ad47fdc6e83560b82021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.741963/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-1078Objective: Parental influence during children’s “everyday” pain events is under-explored, compared to clinical or experimental pains. We trialed two digital reporting methods for parents to record the real-world context surrounding their child’s everyday pain events within the family home.Methods: Parents (N = 21) completed a structured e-diary for 14 days, reporting on one pain event experienced by their child (aged 2.5–6 years) each day, and describing child pain responses, parental supervision, parental estimates of pain severity and intensity, and parental catastrophizing, distress, and behavioral responses. During the same 2-week period, a subsample of parent-child pairs (N = 9) completed digital ecological momentary assessments (EMA), immediately after any chosen pain event. Children reported their current pain while parents estimated the child’s pain and indicated their own distress.Results: “Everyday” pain events frequently featured minor injuries to the child’s head, hands or knees, and child responses included crying and non-verbal comments (e.g., “Ouch!”). Pain events occurred less frequently when parents had been supervising their child, and supervising parents reported lower levels of worry and anxiety than non-supervising parents. Child sex was significantly associated with parental estimates of pain intensity, with parents of girls giving higher estimates than parents of boys. Child age was significantly associated with both the number of pain events and with parental estimates of pain intensity and child distress: the youngest children (2–3 years) experienced the fewest pain events but received higher pain and distress estimates from parents than older children. Hierarchal Linear Modeling revealed that parental estimates of pain severity were significant positive predictors of parental distress and catastrophizing in response to a specific pain event. Furthermore, higher levels of parental catastrophic thinking in response to a specific pain event resulted in increased distress, solicitousness, and coping-promoting behaviors in parents. The EMA data revealed that children reported significantly higher pain intensity than their parents.Conclusion: The electronic pain diary provided a key insight into the nature of “everyday” pain experiences around the family home. Digital daily reporting of how the family copes with “everyday” events represents a viable means to explore a child’s everyday pains without disrupting their home environment.Grace O’SullivanGrace O’SullivanBrian McGuireBrian McGuireMichelle RocheMichelle RocheMichelle RocheLine CaesFrontiers Media S.A.articleeveryday painhomedigital healthdiaryparentchildPsychologyBF1-990ENFrontiers in Psychology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	everyday pain home digital health diary parent child Psychology BF1-990
spellingShingle	everyday pain home digital health diary parent child Psychology BF1-990 Grace O’Sullivan Grace O’Sullivan Brian McGuire Brian McGuire Michelle Roche Michelle Roche Michelle Roche Line Caes Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies
description	Objective: Parental influence during children’s “everyday” pain events is under-explored, compared to clinical or experimental pains. We trialed two digital reporting methods for parents to record the real-world context surrounding their child’s everyday pain events within the family home.Methods: Parents (N = 21) completed a structured e-diary for 14 days, reporting on one pain event experienced by their child (aged 2.5–6 years) each day, and describing child pain responses, parental supervision, parental estimates of pain severity and intensity, and parental catastrophizing, distress, and behavioral responses. During the same 2-week period, a subsample of parent-child pairs (N = 9) completed digital ecological momentary assessments (EMA), immediately after any chosen pain event. Children reported their current pain while parents estimated the child’s pain and indicated their own distress.Results: “Everyday” pain events frequently featured minor injuries to the child’s head, hands or knees, and child responses included crying and non-verbal comments (e.g., “Ouch!”). Pain events occurred less frequently when parents had been supervising their child, and supervising parents reported lower levels of worry and anxiety than non-supervising parents. Child sex was significantly associated with parental estimates of pain intensity, with parents of girls giving higher estimates than parents of boys. Child age was significantly associated with both the number of pain events and with parental estimates of pain intensity and child distress: the youngest children (2–3 years) experienced the fewest pain events but received higher pain and distress estimates from parents than older children. Hierarchal Linear Modeling revealed that parental estimates of pain severity were significant positive predictors of parental distress and catastrophizing in response to a specific pain event. Furthermore, higher levels of parental catastrophic thinking in response to a specific pain event resulted in increased distress, solicitousness, and coping-promoting behaviors in parents. The EMA data revealed that children reported significantly higher pain intensity than their parents.Conclusion: The electronic pain diary provided a key insight into the nature of “everyday” pain experiences around the family home. Digital daily reporting of how the family copes with “everyday” events represents a viable means to explore a child’s everyday pains without disrupting their home environment.
format	article
author	Grace O’Sullivan Grace O’Sullivan Brian McGuire Brian McGuire Michelle Roche Michelle Roche Michelle Roche Line Caes
author_facet	Grace O’Sullivan Grace O’Sullivan Brian McGuire Brian McGuire Michelle Roche Michelle Roche Michelle Roche Line Caes
author_sort	Grace O’Sullivan
title	Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies
title_short	Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies
title_full	Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies
title_fullStr	Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies
title_full_unstemmed	Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies
title_sort	exploring parental responses to pre-schoolers’ “everyday” pain experiences through electronic diary and ecological momentary assessment methodologies
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a301e49006914b54ad47fdc6e83560b8
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Exploring Parental Responses to Pre-schoolers’ “Everyday” Pain Experiences Through Electronic Diary and Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies

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