Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Kernel

The integumentary tissues of plant seeds protect the embryo (new sporophyte) forming in them from unfavorable external conditions; therefore, comprehensive knowledge about the structural and functional specificity of seed covers in various plants may be of both theoretical and practical interest. As...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Inna A. Chaban, Alexander A. Gulevich, Elena A. Smirnova, Ekaterina N. Baranova
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	wheat kernel caryopsis maternal tissue cell layers terminal differentiation Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a310f07caca94c3ab57cd5e30ab7a44b
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:a310f07caca94c3ab57cd5e30ab7a44b
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a310f07caca94c3ab57cd5e30ab7a44b2021-11-25T18:47:30ZMorphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Kernel10.3390/plants101125382223-7747https://doaj.org/article/a310f07caca94c3ab57cd5e30ab7a44b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2538https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747The integumentary tissues of plant seeds protect the embryo (new sporophyte) forming in them from unfavorable external conditions; therefore, comprehensive knowledge about the structural and functional specificity of seed covers in various plants may be of both theoretical and practical interest. As a result of our study, additional data were obtained on the morphological and ultrastructural features of the formation of a multilayer skin of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) kernel (caryopsis). The ultrastructure research analysis showed that differentiation of the pericarp and inner integument of the ovule leads to the formation of functionally different layers of the skin of mature wheat grain. Thus, the differentiation of exocarp and endocarp cells is accompanied by a significant thickening of the cell walls, which reliably protect the ovule from adverse external conditions. The cells of the two-layer inner integument of the ovule differentiate into cuticular and phenolic layers, which are critical for protecting daughter tissues from various pathogens. The epidermis of the nucellus turns into a layer of mucilage, which apparently helps to maintain the water balance of the seed. Morphological and ultrastructural data showed that the formation of the kernel’s skin occurs in coordination with the development of the embryo and endosperm up to the full maturity of the kernel. This is evidenced by the structure of the cytoplasm and nucleus, characteristic of metabolically active protoplasts of cells, which is observed in most integumentary layers at the late stages of maturation. This activity can also be confirmed by a significant increase in the thickness of the cell walls in the cells of two layers of the exocarp and in cross cells in comparison with the earlier stages. Based on these results, we came to the conclusion that the cells of a majority in the covering tissues of the wheat kernel during its ontogenesis are transformed into specialized layers of the skin by terminal differentiation.Inna A. ChabanAlexander A. GulevichElena A. SmirnovaEkaterina N. BaranovaMDPI AGarticlewheatkernelcaryopsismaternal tissuecell layersterminal differentiationBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2538, p 2538 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	wheat kernel caryopsis maternal tissue cell layers terminal differentiation Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	wheat kernel caryopsis maternal tissue cell layers terminal differentiation Botany QK1-989 Inna A. Chaban Alexander A. Gulevich Elena A. Smirnova Ekaterina N. Baranova Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Kernel
description	The integumentary tissues of plant seeds protect the embryo (new sporophyte) forming in them from unfavorable external conditions; therefore, comprehensive knowledge about the structural and functional specificity of seed covers in various plants may be of both theoretical and practical interest. As a result of our study, additional data were obtained on the morphological and ultrastructural features of the formation of a multilayer skin of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) kernel (caryopsis). The ultrastructure research analysis showed that differentiation of the pericarp and inner integument of the ovule leads to the formation of functionally different layers of the skin of mature wheat grain. Thus, the differentiation of exocarp and endocarp cells is accompanied by a significant thickening of the cell walls, which reliably protect the ovule from adverse external conditions. The cells of the two-layer inner integument of the ovule differentiate into cuticular and phenolic layers, which are critical for protecting daughter tissues from various pathogens. The epidermis of the nucellus turns into a layer of mucilage, which apparently helps to maintain the water balance of the seed. Morphological and ultrastructural data showed that the formation of the kernel’s skin occurs in coordination with the development of the embryo and endosperm up to the full maturity of the kernel. This is evidenced by the structure of the cytoplasm and nucleus, characteristic of metabolically active protoplasts of cells, which is observed in most integumentary layers at the late stages of maturation. This activity can also be confirmed by a significant increase in the thickness of the cell walls in the cells of two layers of the exocarp and in cross cells in comparison with the earlier stages. Based on these results, we came to the conclusion that the cells of a majority in the covering tissues of the wheat kernel during its ontogenesis are transformed into specialized layers of the skin by terminal differentiation.
format	article
author	Inna A. Chaban Alexander A. Gulevich Elena A. Smirnova Ekaterina N. Baranova
author_facet	Inna A. Chaban Alexander A. Gulevich Elena A. Smirnova Ekaterina N. Baranova
author_sort	Inna A. Chaban
title	Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Kernel
title_short	Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Kernel
title_full	Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Kernel
title_fullStr	Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Kernel
title_full_unstemmed	Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Kernel
title_sort	morphological and ultrastructural features of formation of the skin of wheat (<i>triticum aestivum</i> l.) kernel
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a310f07caca94c3ab57cd5e30ab7a44b
work_keys_str_mv	AT innaachaban morphologicalandultrastructuralfeaturesofformationoftheskinofwheatitriticumaestivumilkernel AT alexanderagulevich morphologicalandultrastructuralfeaturesofformationoftheskinofwheatitriticumaestivumilkernel AT elenaasmirnova morphologicalandultrastructuralfeaturesofformationoftheskinofwheatitriticumaestivumilkernel AT ekaterinanbaranova morphologicalandultrastructuralfeaturesofformationoftheskinofwheatitriticumaestivumilkernel
_version_	1718410731396792320

Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Kernel

Ejemplares similares