Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and TiO2 for humic acid adsorption

Soraya Hosseini,1 Hossein Jahangirian,2 Thomas J Webster,2 Salman Masoudi Soltani,3 Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; 3Department of Chemical En...

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Autores principales:	Hosseini S, Jahangirian H, Webster TJ, Masoudi Soltani S, Aroua MK
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2016
Materias:	Renewable energy Photocatalysis Mesoporous carbon TiO2 nanoparticle Multi-layer photoelectrode Humic acid Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a31889700a634e3d88c211c68ebacddc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a31889700a634e3d88c211c68ebacddc2021-12-02T06:37:58ZSynthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and TiO2 for humic acid adsorption1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/a31889700a634e3d88c211c68ebacddc2016-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/synthesis-characterization-and-performance-evaluation-of-multilayered--peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Soraya Hosseini,1 Hossein Jahangirian,2 Thomas J Webster,2 Salman Masoudi Soltani,3 Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK Abstract: Nanostructured photoanodes were prepared via a novel combination of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and mesoporous carbon (C). Four different photoanodes were synthesized by sol–gel spin coating onto a glassy substrate of fluorine-doped tin oxide. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2, TiO2/C/TiO2, TiO2/C/C/TiO2, and TiO2/C/TiO2/C/TiO2 photoanodes were evaluated by exposing the synthesized photoanodes to UV–visible light. The photocurrent density observed in these photoanodes confirmed that an additional layer of mesoporous carbon could successfully increase the photocurrent density. The highest photocurrent density of ~1.022 mA cm-2 at 1 V/saturated calomel electrode was achieved with TiO2/C/C/TiO2 under an illumination intensity of 100 mW cm-2 from a solar simulator. The highest value of surface roughness was measured for a TiO2/C/C/TiO2 combination owing to the presence of two continuous layers of mesoporous carbon. The resulting films had a thickness ranging from 1.605 µm to 5.165 µm after the calcination process. The presence of double-layer mesoporous carbon resulted in a 20% increase in the photocurrent density compared with the TiO2/C/TiO2 combination when only a single mesoporous carbon layer was employed. The improved performance of these photoanodes can be attributed to the enhanced porosity and increased void space due to the presence of mesoporous carbon. For the first time, it has been demonstrated here that the photoelectrochemical performance of TiO2 can be improved by integrating several layers of mesoporous carbon. Comparison of the rate of removal of humic acid by the prepared photoanodes showed that the highest performance from TiO2/C/C/TiO2 was due to the highest photocurrent density generated. Therefore, this study showed that optimizing the sequence of mesoporous carbon layers can be a viable and inexpensive method for enhanced humic acid removal. Keywords: renewable energy, photocatalysis, mesoporous carbon, TiO2 nanoparticle, multilayer photoelectrode, humic acidHosseini SJahangirian HWebster TJMasoudi Soltani SAroua MKDove Medical PressarticleRenewable energyPhotocatalysisMesoporous carbonTiO2 nanoparticleMulti-layer photoelectrodeHumic acidMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 11, Pp 3969-3978 (2016)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Renewable energy Photocatalysis Mesoporous carbon TiO2 nanoparticle Multi-layer photoelectrode Humic acid Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Renewable energy Photocatalysis Mesoporous carbon TiO2 nanoparticle Multi-layer photoelectrode Humic acid Medicine (General) R5-920 Hosseini S Jahangirian H Webster TJ Masoudi Soltani S Aroua MK Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and TiO2 for humic acid adsorption
description	Soraya Hosseini,1 Hossein Jahangirian,2 Thomas J Webster,2 Salman Masoudi Soltani,3 Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK Abstract: Nanostructured photoanodes were prepared via a novel combination of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and mesoporous carbon (C). Four different photoanodes were synthesized by sol–gel spin coating onto a glassy substrate of fluorine-doped tin oxide. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2, TiO2/C/TiO2, TiO2/C/C/TiO2, and TiO2/C/TiO2/C/TiO2 photoanodes were evaluated by exposing the synthesized photoanodes to UV–visible light. The photocurrent density observed in these photoanodes confirmed that an additional layer of mesoporous carbon could successfully increase the photocurrent density. The highest photocurrent density of ~1.022 mA cm-2 at 1 V/saturated calomel electrode was achieved with TiO2/C/C/TiO2 under an illumination intensity of 100 mW cm-2 from a solar simulator. The highest value of surface roughness was measured for a TiO2/C/C/TiO2 combination owing to the presence of two continuous layers of mesoporous carbon. The resulting films had a thickness ranging from 1.605 µm to 5.165 µm after the calcination process. The presence of double-layer mesoporous carbon resulted in a 20% increase in the photocurrent density compared with the TiO2/C/TiO2 combination when only a single mesoporous carbon layer was employed. The improved performance of these photoanodes can be attributed to the enhanced porosity and increased void space due to the presence of mesoporous carbon. For the first time, it has been demonstrated here that the photoelectrochemical performance of TiO2 can be improved by integrating several layers of mesoporous carbon. Comparison of the rate of removal of humic acid by the prepared photoanodes showed that the highest performance from TiO2/C/C/TiO2 was due to the highest photocurrent density generated. Therefore, this study showed that optimizing the sequence of mesoporous carbon layers can be a viable and inexpensive method for enhanced humic acid removal. Keywords: renewable energy, photocatalysis, mesoporous carbon, TiO2 nanoparticle, multilayer photoelectrode, humic acid
format	article
author	Hosseini S Jahangirian H Webster TJ Masoudi Soltani S Aroua MK
author_facet	Hosseini S Jahangirian H Webster TJ Masoudi Soltani S Aroua MK
author_sort	Hosseini S
title	Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and TiO2 for humic acid adsorption
title_short	Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and TiO2 for humic acid adsorption
title_full	Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and TiO2 for humic acid adsorption
title_fullStr	Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and TiO2 for humic acid adsorption
title_full_unstemmed	Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and TiO2 for humic acid adsorption
title_sort	synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and tio2 for humic acid adsorption
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2016
url	https://doaj.org/article/a31889700a634e3d88c211c68ebacddc
work_keys_str_mv	AT hosseinis synthesischaracterizationandperformanceevaluationofmultilayeredphotoanodesbyintroducingmesoporouscarbonandtio2forhumicacidadsorption AT jahangirianh synthesischaracterizationandperformanceevaluationofmultilayeredphotoanodesbyintroducingmesoporouscarbonandtio2forhumicacidadsorption AT webstertj synthesischaracterizationandperformanceevaluationofmultilayeredphotoanodesbyintroducingmesoporouscarbonandtio2forhumicacidadsorption AT masoudisoltanis synthesischaracterizationandperformanceevaluationofmultilayeredphotoanodesbyintroducingmesoporouscarbonandtio2forhumicacidadsorption AT arouamk synthesischaracterizationandperformanceevaluationofmultilayeredphotoanodesbyintroducingmesoporouscarbonandtio2forhumicacidadsorption
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Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and TiO2 for humic acid adsorption

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