Gold Nanoparticles Dissolve Extracellularly in the Presence of Human Macrophages

Sarah McCarrick, Klara Midander, Magdaléna Krausová, Ulrika Carlander, Hanna L Karlsson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, SwedenCorrespondence: Hanna L KarlssonInstitutet för Miljömedicin, C6 Biokemisk Toxikologi Karlsson, Stockholm 171 77, SwedenTel +4...

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Autores principales:	McCarrick S, Midander K, Krausová M, Carlander U, Karlsson HL
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2021
Materias:	dissolution bio-solubility metal release nanotoxicology transformation fate Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a3234e4735aa4a52b866659d546300df
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a3234e4735aa4a52b866659d546300df2021-12-02T16:39:49ZGold Nanoparticles Dissolve Extracellularly in the Presence of Human Macrophages1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/a3234e4735aa4a52b866659d546300df2021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/gold-nanoparticles-dissolve-extracellularly-in-the-presence-of-human-m-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Sarah McCarrick, Klara Midander, Magdaléna Krausová, Ulrika Carlander, Hanna L Karlsson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, SwedenCorrespondence: Hanna L KarlssonInstitutet för Miljömedicin, C6 Biokemisk Toxikologi Karlsson, Stockholm 171 77, SwedenTel +46 8 5248-7576Email hanna.l.karlsson@ki.seIntroduction: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have the potential to be used in various biomedical applications, partly due to the inertness and stability of gold. Upon intravenous injection, the NPs interact with the mononuclear phagocyte system, first with monocytes in the blood and then with macrophages in tissue. The NP–macrophage interaction will likely affect the stability of the AuNPs, but this is seldom analyzed. This study aimed to elucidate the role of macrophages in the biodissolution of AuNPs and underlying mechanisms.Methods: With an in vitro dissolution assay, we used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantitatively compare the dissolution of 5 and 20 nm AuNPs coated with citrate or PEG in cell medium alone or in the presence of THP1-derived macrophages at 24 hours. In addition, we analyzed the cell dose, compared extra- and intracellular dissolution, and explored the possible role of reactive nitrogen species.Results: The results showed a higher cellular dose of the citrate-coated AuNPs, but dissolution was mainly evident for those sized 5 nm, irrespective of coating. The macrophages clearly assisted the dissolution, which was approximately fivefold higher in the presence of macrophages. The dissolution, however, appeared to take place mainly extracellularly. Acellular experiments demonstrated that peroxynitrite can initiate oxidation of gold, but a ligand is required to keep the gold ions in solution.Conclusion: This study suggests extracellular dissolution of AuNPs in the presence of macrophages, likely with the contribution of the release of reactive nitrogen species, and provides new insight into the fate of AuNPs in the body.Keywords: dissolution, biosolubility, metal release, nanotoxicology, transformation, fateMcCarrick SMidander KKrausová MCarlander UKarlsson HLDove Medical Pressarticledissolutionbio-solubilitymetal releasenanotoxicologytransformationfateMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 16, Pp 5895-5908 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	dissolution bio-solubility metal release nanotoxicology transformation fate Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	dissolution bio-solubility metal release nanotoxicology transformation fate Medicine (General) R5-920 McCarrick S Midander K Krausová M Carlander U Karlsson HL Gold Nanoparticles Dissolve Extracellularly in the Presence of Human Macrophages
description	Sarah McCarrick, Klara Midander, Magdaléna Krausová, Ulrika Carlander, Hanna L Karlsson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, SwedenCorrespondence: Hanna L KarlssonInstitutet för Miljömedicin, C6 Biokemisk Toxikologi Karlsson, Stockholm 171 77, SwedenTel +46 8 5248-7576Email hanna.l.karlsson@ki.seIntroduction: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have the potential to be used in various biomedical applications, partly due to the inertness and stability of gold. Upon intravenous injection, the NPs interact with the mononuclear phagocyte system, first with monocytes in the blood and then with macrophages in tissue. The NP–macrophage interaction will likely affect the stability of the AuNPs, but this is seldom analyzed. This study aimed to elucidate the role of macrophages in the biodissolution of AuNPs and underlying mechanisms.Methods: With an in vitro dissolution assay, we used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantitatively compare the dissolution of 5 and 20 nm AuNPs coated with citrate or PEG in cell medium alone or in the presence of THP1-derived macrophages at 24 hours. In addition, we analyzed the cell dose, compared extra- and intracellular dissolution, and explored the possible role of reactive nitrogen species.Results: The results showed a higher cellular dose of the citrate-coated AuNPs, but dissolution was mainly evident for those sized 5 nm, irrespective of coating. The macrophages clearly assisted the dissolution, which was approximately fivefold higher in the presence of macrophages. The dissolution, however, appeared to take place mainly extracellularly. Acellular experiments demonstrated that peroxynitrite can initiate oxidation of gold, but a ligand is required to keep the gold ions in solution.Conclusion: This study suggests extracellular dissolution of AuNPs in the presence of macrophages, likely with the contribution of the release of reactive nitrogen species, and provides new insight into the fate of AuNPs in the body.Keywords: dissolution, biosolubility, metal release, nanotoxicology, transformation, fate
format	article
author	McCarrick S Midander K Krausová M Carlander U Karlsson HL
author_facet	McCarrick S Midander K Krausová M Carlander U Karlsson HL
author_sort	McCarrick S
title	Gold Nanoparticles Dissolve Extracellularly in the Presence of Human Macrophages
title_short	Gold Nanoparticles Dissolve Extracellularly in the Presence of Human Macrophages
title_full	Gold Nanoparticles Dissolve Extracellularly in the Presence of Human Macrophages
title_fullStr	Gold Nanoparticles Dissolve Extracellularly in the Presence of Human Macrophages
title_full_unstemmed	Gold Nanoparticles Dissolve Extracellularly in the Presence of Human Macrophages
title_sort	gold nanoparticles dissolve extracellularly in the presence of human macrophages
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a3234e4735aa4a52b866659d546300df
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Gold Nanoparticles Dissolve Extracellularly in the Presence of Human Macrophages

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