Synergistic Effects and Toxic Mechanism of Phosphine with Ethyl Formate against Citrus Mealybug (<i>Planococcus citri</i>)
Methyl bromide (MB) has been used in a wide range of applications, but since it was determined to be an ozone-depleting compound, it has only been used for pre-shipment and quarantine purposes in trade. Phosphine (PH<sub>3</sub>) is currently the ideal fumigant as an MB alternative world...
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | article |
| Lenguaje: | EN |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
2021
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://doaj.org/article/a3e87c5db861410898bd6e665f9777d3 |
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| Sumario: | Methyl bromide (MB) has been used in a wide range of applications, but since it was determined to be an ozone-depleting compound, it has only been used for pre-shipment and quarantine purposes in trade. Phosphine (PH<sub>3</sub>) is currently the ideal fumigant as an MB alternative worldwide. However, the development of PH<sub>3</sub> resistance in the target insect pest and longer PH<sub>3</sub> fumigation treatment times raise questions about the continued use of PH<sub>3</sub>. This study attempted to shorten treatment time via combination treatment with ethyl formate (EF). <i>Planococcus citri</i> was used as the main quarantine pest in Korea, and the acute toxicity of EF, PH<sub>3</sub>, and EF + PH<sub>3</sub> was determined at every developmental stage. EF treatment at 4 h showed LCT<sub>99</sub> values of 45.85~65.43 mg∙h/L, and PH<sub>3</sub> treatment at 20 h showed that of 0.13~0.83 mg∙h/L depending on the developmental stage. The efficacy of PH<sub>3</sub> decreased after reducing the treatment time, but synergistic effects were observed at all stages of development of <i>P. citri</i> when both fumigants were used simultaneously for 4 h. After combined treatment, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase expression and the production of two phospholipids, PI(O-16:0) and PC(18:2), were significantly reduced in treated <i>P. citri</i> adults compared with the control. Therefore, combined treatments might be key to reducing the treatment time and resistance of PH<sub>3</sub> in the field. |
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