Synergistic Effects and Toxic Mechanism of Phosphine with Ethyl Formate against Citrus Mealybug (<i>Planococcus citri</i>)
Methyl bromide (MB) has been used in a wide range of applications, but since it was determined to be an ozone-depleting compound, it has only been used for pre-shipment and quarantine purposes in trade. Phosphine (PH<sub>3</sub>) is currently the ideal fumigant as an MB alternative world...
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2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:a3e87c5db861410898bd6e665f9777d32021-11-11T14:59:43ZSynergistic Effects and Toxic Mechanism of Phosphine with Ethyl Formate against Citrus Mealybug (<i>Planococcus citri</i>)10.3390/app112198772076-3417https://doaj.org/article/a3e87c5db861410898bd6e665f9777d32021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/21/9877https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Methyl bromide (MB) has been used in a wide range of applications, but since it was determined to be an ozone-depleting compound, it has only been used for pre-shipment and quarantine purposes in trade. Phosphine (PH<sub>3</sub>) is currently the ideal fumigant as an MB alternative worldwide. However, the development of PH<sub>3</sub> resistance in the target insect pest and longer PH<sub>3</sub> fumigation treatment times raise questions about the continued use of PH<sub>3</sub>. This study attempted to shorten treatment time via combination treatment with ethyl formate (EF). <i>Planococcus citri</i> was used as the main quarantine pest in Korea, and the acute toxicity of EF, PH<sub>3</sub>, and EF + PH<sub>3</sub> was determined at every developmental stage. EF treatment at 4 h showed LCT<sub>99</sub> values of 45.85~65.43 mg∙h/L, and PH<sub>3</sub> treatment at 20 h showed that of 0.13~0.83 mg∙h/L depending on the developmental stage. The efficacy of PH<sub>3</sub> decreased after reducing the treatment time, but synergistic effects were observed at all stages of development of <i>P. citri</i> when both fumigants were used simultaneously for 4 h. After combined treatment, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase expression and the production of two phospholipids, PI(O-16:0) and PC(18:2), were significantly reduced in treated <i>P. citri</i> adults compared with the control. Therefore, combined treatments might be key to reducing the treatment time and resistance of PH<sub>3</sub> in the field.Kyeongnam KimMin-Goo ParkYong Ho LeeHwang-Ju JeonTae Hyung KwonChaeeun KimJungeun ParkByung-Ho LeeJeong Oh YangSung-Eun LeeMDPI AGarticlequarantine pestmethyl bromide alternativesanti-resistance strategydihydrolipoyl dehydrogenasephospholipidsTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 9877, p 9877 (2021) |
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quarantine pest methyl bromide alternatives anti-resistance strategy dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase phospholipids Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 |
| spellingShingle |
quarantine pest methyl bromide alternatives anti-resistance strategy dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase phospholipids Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Kyeongnam Kim Min-Goo Park Yong Ho Lee Hwang-Ju Jeon Tae Hyung Kwon Chaeeun Kim Jungeun Park Byung-Ho Lee Jeong Oh Yang Sung-Eun Lee Synergistic Effects and Toxic Mechanism of Phosphine with Ethyl Formate against Citrus Mealybug (<i>Planococcus citri</i>) |
| description |
Methyl bromide (MB) has been used in a wide range of applications, but since it was determined to be an ozone-depleting compound, it has only been used for pre-shipment and quarantine purposes in trade. Phosphine (PH<sub>3</sub>) is currently the ideal fumigant as an MB alternative worldwide. However, the development of PH<sub>3</sub> resistance in the target insect pest and longer PH<sub>3</sub> fumigation treatment times raise questions about the continued use of PH<sub>3</sub>. This study attempted to shorten treatment time via combination treatment with ethyl formate (EF). <i>Planococcus citri</i> was used as the main quarantine pest in Korea, and the acute toxicity of EF, PH<sub>3</sub>, and EF + PH<sub>3</sub> was determined at every developmental stage. EF treatment at 4 h showed LCT<sub>99</sub> values of 45.85~65.43 mg∙h/L, and PH<sub>3</sub> treatment at 20 h showed that of 0.13~0.83 mg∙h/L depending on the developmental stage. The efficacy of PH<sub>3</sub> decreased after reducing the treatment time, but synergistic effects were observed at all stages of development of <i>P. citri</i> when both fumigants were used simultaneously for 4 h. After combined treatment, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase expression and the production of two phospholipids, PI(O-16:0) and PC(18:2), were significantly reduced in treated <i>P. citri</i> adults compared with the control. Therefore, combined treatments might be key to reducing the treatment time and resistance of PH<sub>3</sub> in the field. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Kyeongnam Kim Min-Goo Park Yong Ho Lee Hwang-Ju Jeon Tae Hyung Kwon Chaeeun Kim Jungeun Park Byung-Ho Lee Jeong Oh Yang Sung-Eun Lee |
| author_facet |
Kyeongnam Kim Min-Goo Park Yong Ho Lee Hwang-Ju Jeon Tae Hyung Kwon Chaeeun Kim Jungeun Park Byung-Ho Lee Jeong Oh Yang Sung-Eun Lee |
| author_sort |
Kyeongnam Kim |
| title |
Synergistic Effects and Toxic Mechanism of Phosphine with Ethyl Formate against Citrus Mealybug (<i>Planococcus citri</i>) |
| title_short |
Synergistic Effects and Toxic Mechanism of Phosphine with Ethyl Formate against Citrus Mealybug (<i>Planococcus citri</i>) |
| title_full |
Synergistic Effects and Toxic Mechanism of Phosphine with Ethyl Formate against Citrus Mealybug (<i>Planococcus citri</i>) |
| title_fullStr |
Synergistic Effects and Toxic Mechanism of Phosphine with Ethyl Formate against Citrus Mealybug (<i>Planococcus citri</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Synergistic Effects and Toxic Mechanism of Phosphine with Ethyl Formate against Citrus Mealybug (<i>Planococcus citri</i>) |
| title_sort |
synergistic effects and toxic mechanism of phosphine with ethyl formate against citrus mealybug (<i>planococcus citri</i>) |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/a3e87c5db861410898bd6e665f9777d3 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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| _version_ |
1718437915794604032 |