Superparamagnetic Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CA Nanoparticles and Their Potential as Draw Solution Agents in Forward Osmosis
In this study, citric acid (CA)-coated magnetite Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> magnetic nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CA MNPs) for use as draw solution (DS) agents in forward osmosis (FO) were synthesized by co-precipitation and characterize...
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | article |
| Lenguaje: | EN |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
2021
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://doaj.org/article/a4069bf8b9f1404eaec64f0c917a4daa |
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| Sumario: | In this study, citric acid (CA)-coated magnetite Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> magnetic nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CA MNPs) for use as draw solution (DS) agents in forward osmosis (FO) were synthesized by co-precipitation and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic measurements. Prepared 3.7% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> colloidal solutions of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CA MNPs exhibited an osmotic pressure of 18.7 bar after purification without aggregation and a sufficient magnetization of 44 emu/g to allow DS regeneration by an external magnetic field. Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CA suspensions were used as DS in FO cross-flow filtration with deionized (DI) water as FS and with the active layer of the FO membrane facing the FS and NaCl as a reference DS. The same transmembrane bulk osmotic pressure resulted in different water fluxes for NaCl and MNPs, respectively. Thus the initial water flux with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CA was 9.2 LMH whereas for 0.45 M NaCl as DS it was 14.1 LMH. The reverse solute flux was 0.08 GMH for Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CA and 2.5 GMH for NaCl. These differences are ascribed to a more pronounced internal dilutive concentration polarization with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CA as DS compared to NaCl as DS. This research demonstrated that the proposed Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CA can be used as a potential low reverse solute flux DS for FO processes. |
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